Gloss
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A gloss (or interlinear gloss) is a style of showing the intermediate steps of translating a sentence or phrase, in order to more clearly show how the meaning is determined. Typically it consists of the following steps:
- The original text in the source language (in this case, Na'vi).
- (optional) The original text, annotated to show the location of affixes, infixes, inflections, etc.
- A literal, word-by-word translation annotated to show the meaning of each word, parts of speech, etc.
- A natural, idiomatic translation in the target language (here, English).
Example
Oeri ta peyä fahew akewong ontu teya längu. oe-ri ta peyä fahew a-kewong ontu teya l<äng>u 1-TOP from 3.POSS smell ADJ-alien nose full be<PEJ> My nose is full of his alien smell.
Common abbreviations
| Abbreviation | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 1 | first person |
| 2 | second person |
| 3 | third person |
| A | agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb |
| ABL | ablative |
| ABS | absolutive |
| ACC | accusative |
| ADJ | adjective |
| ADV | adverb(ial) |
| AGR | agreement |
| ALL | allative |
| ANTIP | antipassive |
| APPL | applicative |
| ART | article |
| AUX | auxiliary |
| BEN | benefactive |
| CAUS | causative |
| CLF | classifier |
| COM | comitative |
| COMP | complementizer |
| COMPL | completive |
| COND | conditional |
| COP | copula |
| CVB | converb |
| DAT | dative |
| DECL | declarative |
| DEF | definite |
| DEM | demonstrative |
| DET | determiner |
| DIST | distal |
| DISTR | distributive |
| DU | dual |
| DUR | durative |
| ERG | ergative |
| EXCL | exclusive |
| F | feminine |
| FOC | focus |
| FUT | future |
| GEN | genitive |
| IMP | imperative |
| INCL | inclusive |
| IND | indicative |
| INDF | indefinite |
| INF | infinitive |
| INS | instrumental |
| INTR | intransitive |
| IPFV | imperfective |
| IRR | irrealis |
| LAUD | laudative |
| LOC | locative |
| M | masculine |
| N | neuter |
| N- | non- (e.g. NSG nonsingular, NPST nonpast) |
| NEG | negation, negative |
| NMLZ | nominalizer/nominalization |
| NOM | nominative |
| OBJ | object |
| OBL | oblique |
| P | patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb |
| PASS | passive |
| PEJ | pejorative |
| PFV | perfective |
| PL | plural |
| POSS | possessive |
| PRED | predicative |
| PRF | perfect |
| PRS | present |
| PROG | progressive |
| PROH | prohibitive |
| PROX | proximal/proximate |
| PST | past |
| PTCP | participle |
| PURP | purposive |
| Q | question particle/marker |
| QUOT | quotative |
| RECP | reciprocal |
| REFL | reflexive |
| REL | relative |
| RES | resultative |
| S | single argument of canonical intransitive verb |
| SBJ | subject |
| SBJV | subjunctive |
| SG | singular |
| TOP | topic |
| TR | transitive |
| VOC | vocative |
