Difference between revisions of "Noun cases"

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| '''-l''', '''-ìl'''
 
| '''-l''', '''-ìl'''
 
| '''oel''', '''tìngayìl'''
 
| '''oel''', '''tìngayìl'''
| subject of transitive verb; called ''ergative'' in many languages
+
| subject of transitive verb (called ''ergative'' in linguistics)
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Patientive
 
| Patientive
 
| '''-t''', '''-it''', '''-ti'''
 
| '''-t''', '''-it''', '''-ti'''
| '''katot''', '''txe'lanit''', '''ngati'''
+
| '''katot''', '''txe'lanit''', '''kifkeyit''', '''ngati'''
| direct object of transitive verb; called ''accusative'' in many languages
+
| direct object of transitive verb (called ''accusative'' in linguistics)
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Genitive
 
| Genitive
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|-
 
|-
 
| Dative
 
| Dative
| '''-ru'''
+
| '''-r(u)''', '''-ur'''
| '''ngaru'''
+
| '''ngaru''', '''frapor''', '''eylanur'''
 
| indirect object
 
| indirect object
 
|-
 
|-
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== Discussion ==
 
== Discussion ==
  
Unlike several of the verb infixes, for which Frommer has identified some forms and meanings, the noun case markers have been determined entirely by analysis of the existing [[corpus]] with some help from the word list from the {{Corpus ASG}} and our knowledge from the Language Log post ({{Corpus LL}}) about what the cases are.
+
Unlike several of the verb infixes, for which Frommer has identified some forms and meanings, the noun case markers have been determined almost entirely by analysis of the existing [[corpus]] with some help from the word list from the {{Corpus ASG}} and our knowledge from the Language Log post ({{Corpus LL}}) about what the cases are.
  
 
We do know that the case markers may have several forms.  We do not know the rules for determining which sorts of words get which case marker variants, though anyone with some college-level linguistics study in phonology and morphology should be able to make some intelligent guesses.  Hopefully a full grammar will be published sooner rather than later.
 
We do know that the case markers may have several forms.  We do not know the rules for determining which sorts of words get which case marker variants, though anyone with some college-level linguistics study in phonology and morphology should be able to make some intelligent guesses.  Hopefully a full grammar will be published sooner rather than later.
  
 +
Note that the names Frommer has chosen for the cases are not in accord with current linguistic terminology. What he calls the "agentive"  is usually called "ergative," and what he calls "patientive" is usually "accusative."
  
=== Agentive ===
+
=== Agentive (Ergative) ===
As of 2009 December 26, we have two attested forms for this case, '''-l''', as in '''oe-l nga-ti kam<ei>i''' ''I see you'' ({{Corpus UGO}}), and  '''-ìl''' found in '''oe-ri tìngay-ìl txe'lan-it t<iv>akuk''' ''let the truth strike my heart'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Hunt Song).
 
  
 +
As of 2009 December 30, we have three attested forms for this case, '''-l''', as in '''oe-l nga-ti kam‹ei›e''' ''I see you'' ({{Corpus UGO}}), '''awpot set ftxey aynga-l''' ''now (you) choose one'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Hunt Song), '''Neytiri-l  yerikit  tolaron''' ''Neytiri hunted a hexapede'' ({{Corpus MSNBC}}), and  '''-ìl''' found in '''oe-ri tìngay-ìl txe'lan-it t‹iv›akuk''' ''let the truth strike my heart'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Hunt Song).
  
=== Patientive ===
+
=== Patientive (Accusative) ===
As of 2009 December 26, we have three attested forms for this case.  The first discovered is '''-ti''', which came out in {{Corpus UGO}}, the very important greeting, '''oe-l nga-ti kam<ei>e'''.  This form, however, is currently only seen in '''ngati'''.
+
 
 +
As of 2010 January 20th, we have three attested forms for this case.  The first discovered is '''-ti''', which came out in {{Corpus UGO}}, the very important greeting, '''oe-l nga-ti kam‹ei›e'''.  Other sightings of this allomorph are '''Kelutral-ti skiva'a''' ''to destroy Hometree'' ({{Corpus BtS}}), ''' horen-ti-sì lì'fyayä leNa'vi''' ''and the rules of the Na'vi language'' ({{Corpus AMFP}}).
  
 
More frequently seen in the corpus is '''-t''', as in '''kato-t täftxu oe-l''' ''I weave the rhythm'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Weaving Song) and '''awpo-t set ftxey ayngal''' ''now (you) choose one'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Hunt Song).
 
More frequently seen in the corpus is '''-t''', as in '''kato-t täftxu oe-l''' ''I weave the rhythm'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Weaving Song) and '''awpo-t set ftxey ayngal''' ''now (you) choose one'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Hunt Song).
  
Finally, the form '''-it''' is attested once, in '''oe-ri tìngay-ìl txe'lan-it t<iv>akuk''' ''let the truth strike my heart'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Hunt Song).
+
Finally, the form '''-it''' is attested twice, in '''oe-ri tìngay-ìl txe'lan-it t‹iv›akuk''' ''let the truth strike my heart'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Hunt Song), and '''sìfmetok-it emz‹ol›a'u ohe-l''' ''I have passed the tests'' ({{Corpus BtS}}).
  
 +
=== Genitive ===
  
=== Genitive ===
+
As of 2009 December 26, there are two attested forms of this case.   
As of 2009 December 26, there are two attested forms of this case.  In addition to the endings, we are told that the genitive ending may cause changes in the noun stem ({{Corpus LL}}).  We currently see this clearly in genitive pronouns, '''po''' > '''peyä''', '''nga''' > '''ngeyä''' ({{Corpus LL}}, {{Corpus UGO2}}).
 
  
 
The form '''-yä''' seems to be used after words ending in vowels, as in '''oe-yä tukru-l''' ''my spear'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Hunt Song),  '''tompa-yä kato, tsawke-yä kato''' ''rhythm of the rain, rhythm of the sun'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Weaving Song).
 
The form '''-yä''' seems to be used after words ending in vowels, as in '''oe-yä tukru-l''' ''my spear'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Hunt Song),  '''tompa-yä kato, tsawke-yä kato''' ''rhythm of the rain, rhythm of the sun'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Weaving Song).
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The '''-ä''' form appears to occur after consonants, as well as the syllabic resonant '''rr''', and after diphthongs ending in '''y''': '''trr-ä sì txon-ä''' ''of day and night'', '''ayzìsìt-ä kato''' ''rhythm of the years'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Weaving Song), '''tìftia kifkey-ä''' ''study of the physical world'' ({{Corpus SciMag}}).
 
The '''-ä''' form appears to occur after consonants, as well as the syllabic resonant '''rr''', and after diphthongs ending in '''y''': '''trr-ä sì txon-ä''' ''of day and night'', '''ayzìsìt-ä kato''' ''rhythm of the years'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Weaving Song), '''tìftia kifkey-ä''' ''study of the physical world'' ({{Corpus SciMag}}).
  
 +
In addition to the endings, we are told that the genitive ending may cause changes in the noun stem ({{Corpus LL}}).  We see this clearly in genitive pronouns, '''po''' > '''peyä''', '''nga''' > '''ngeyä''' ({{Corpus LL}}, {{Corpus UGO2}}).
  
 
=== Dative ===
 
=== Dative ===
As of 2009 December 26, we have only the form '''-ru''' attested for the dative, and all examples are with nouns ending in vowels, '''oe-ru''' (numerous locations), '''... nga Na'vi-ru yomtìyìng''' ''you will feed the people'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Hunt Song).
 
  
 +
As of 2010 January 20, we have three forms attested for the dative.  The first, '''-ru''' is attested on pronouns and other words ending in vowels. '''oe-ru''' (numerous locations), '''... nga Na'vi-ru yomtìyìng''' ''you will feed the people'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Hunt Song).
 +
 +
The '''-ur''' form appears to be the form for words ending in a consonant, as in '''ayeylan-ur oeyä''' ''to all my friends'' ({{Corpus AMFP}}).
 +
 +
There is also a '''-r''' allomorph, found in '''lu oe-ru aylì'u frapo-r''' ''I have something to say'' ({{Corpus BtS}}), '''fpole' ayngal oe-r''' ''you sent to me'', '''zamolunge awngar''' ''(they) brought to us'' ({{Corpus AMFP}}).  The choice between the full '''-ru''' and shorter '''-r''' ending is a matter of personal taste, "Ngar and ngaru are used interchangeably--pick the one you think sounds better in its position" ({{Canon RaN}}).
  
 
=== Topic ===
 
=== Topic ===
As of 2009 December 26, we have two attested forms of the topic marker.  We have '''-ri''', so far only seen on '''oe''', the first person pronoun, '''oe-ri ta peyä fahew akewong ontu teya längu''' ''my nose is full of his alien smell'' ({{Corpus LL}}).
+
 
 +
As of 2010 January 20, we have two attested forms of the topic marker.  We have '''-ri''', in '''oe-ri ta peyä fahew akewong ontu teya längu''' ''my nose is full of his alien smell'' ({{Corpus LL}}), '''ayngari zene hivum''' ''you have to leave'' ({{Corpus BtS}}).
  
 
The other form is '''-ìri''', again with a single attestation, '''fìskxawngìri tsap'alute sengi oe''' ''I apologize for this moron'' ({{Corpus TO}}).
 
The other form is '''-ìri''', again with a single attestation, '''fìskxawngìri tsap'alute sengi oe''' ''I apologize for this moron'' ({{Corpus TO}}).
  
 
[[Category:Morphology]]
 
[[Category:Morphology]]

Latest revision as of 15:51, 25 July 2015

From Frommer's Language Log guest post we know that there are six noun cases, and that most of them have several forms. This is the list of known forms the cases can take, based on the existing text Corpus.

Case Known Endings Examples Notes
Subjective (no suffix) subject of intransitive verb
Agentive -l, -ìl oel, tìngayìl subject of transitive verb (called ergative in linguistics)
Patientive -t, -it, -ti katot, txe'lanit, kifkeyit, ngati direct object of transitive verb (called accusative in linguistics)
Genitive , -yä txonä, oeyä may cause modifications of the noun stem
Dative -r(u), -ur ngaru, frapor, eylanur indirect object
Topic -ri, -ìri oeri, fìskxawngìri

Discussion

Unlike several of the verb infixes, for which Frommer has identified some forms and meanings, the noun case markers have been determined almost entirely by analysis of the existing corpus with some help from the word list from the ASG and our knowledge from the Language Log post (LL) about what the cases are.

We do know that the case markers may have several forms. We do not know the rules for determining which sorts of words get which case marker variants, though anyone with some college-level linguistics study in phonology and morphology should be able to make some intelligent guesses. Hopefully a full grammar will be published sooner rather than later.

Note that the names Frommer has chosen for the cases are not in accord with current linguistic terminology. What he calls the "agentive" is usually called "ergative," and what he calls "patientive" is usually "accusative."

Agentive (Ergative)

As of 2009 December 30, we have three attested forms for this case, -l, as in oe-l nga-ti kam‹ei›e I see you (UGO), awpot set ftxey aynga-l now (you) choose one (ASG, Hunt Song), Neytiri-l yerikit tolaron Neytiri hunted a hexapede (MSNBC), and -ìl found in oe-ri tìngay-ìl txe'lan-it t‹iv›akuk let the truth strike my heart (ASG, Hunt Song).

Patientive (Accusative)

As of 2010 January 20th, we have three attested forms for this case. The first discovered is -ti, which came out in UGO, the very important greeting, oe-l nga-ti kam‹ei›e. Other sightings of this allomorph are Kelutral-ti skiva'a to destroy Hometree (BtS), horen-ti-sì lì'fyayä leNa'vi and the rules of the Na'vi language (AMFP).

More frequently seen in the corpus is -t, as in kato-t täftxu oe-l I weave the rhythm (ASG, Weaving Song) and awpo-t set ftxey ayngal now (you) choose one (ASG, Hunt Song).

Finally, the form -it is attested twice, in oe-ri tìngay-ìl txe'lan-it t‹iv›akuk let the truth strike my heart (ASG, Hunt Song), and sìfmetok-it emz‹ol›a'u ohe-l I have passed the tests (BtS).

Genitive

As of 2009 December 26, there are two attested forms of this case.

The form -yä seems to be used after words ending in vowels, as in oe-yä tukru-l my spear (ASG, Hunt Song), tompa-yä kato, tsawke-yä kato rhythm of the rain, rhythm of the sun (ASG, Weaving Song).

The form appears to occur after consonants, as well as the syllabic resonant rr, and after diphthongs ending in y: trr-ä sì txon-ä of day and night, ayzìsìt-ä kato rhythm of the years (ASG, Weaving Song), tìftia kifkey-ä study of the physical world (SciMag).

In addition to the endings, we are told that the genitive ending may cause changes in the noun stem (LL). We see this clearly in genitive pronouns, po > peyä, nga > ngeyä (LL, UGO2).

Dative

As of 2010 January 20, we have three forms attested for the dative. The first, -ru is attested on pronouns and other words ending in vowels. oe-ru (numerous locations), ... nga Na'vi-ru yomtìyìng you will feed the people (ASG, Hunt Song).

The -ur form appears to be the form for words ending in a consonant, as in ayeylan-ur oeyä to all my friends (AMFP).

There is also a -r allomorph, found in lu oe-ru aylì'u frapo-r I have something to say (BtS), fpole' ayngal oe-r you sent to me, zamolunge awngar (they) brought to us (AMFP). The choice between the full -ru and shorter -r ending is a matter of personal taste, "Ngar and ngaru are used interchangeably--pick the one you think sounds better in its position" (RaN).

Topic

As of 2010 January 20, we have two attested forms of the topic marker. We have -ri, in oe-ri ta peyä fahew akewong ontu teya längu my nose is full of his alien smell (LL), ayngari zene hivum you have to leave (BtS).

The other form is -ìri, again with a single attestation, fìskxawngìri tsap'alute sengi oe I apologize for this moron (TO).