Difference between revisions of "Phonology"
(style on the headers; added example for lenition, and l+ll reduction) |
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== Pseudovowels == | == Pseudovowels == | ||
− | In CV syllables, the liquids l and r can replace the vowel. When they are syllabic they are lengthened and written ll and rr respectively. | + | In CV syllables, the liquids '''l''' and '''r''' can replace the vowel. When they are syllabic they are lengthened and written '''ll''' and '''rr''' respectively. |
+ | |||
+ | Pseudovowels may not occur in closed syllables, that is, there may be no final consonant in a syllable that has '''ll''' or '''rr'''. | ||
When the consonant '''l''' combines with the pseudovowel '''ll''', as with the perfective infix '''‹ol›''', the '''lll''' reduces to just the consonant, as in '''poltxe''' from '''*p‹ol›lltxe'''. | When the consonant '''l''' combines with the pseudovowel '''ll''', as with the perfective infix '''‹ol›''', the '''lll''' reduces to just the consonant, as in '''poltxe''' from '''*p‹ol›lltxe'''. |
Revision as of 14:33, 9 February 2010
The Na'vi language has 20 consonants, 7 vowels, 4 diphthongs, and 2 syllabic pseudovowels, rr and ll.
Contents
Transcription
Na'vi | IPA | Informal | English example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | aah | father | |
ä | æ | ahh | cat, pack | |
aw | aw | aou | now | |
ay | aj | eye | eye, fly | |
ts | ts | tSS | cats | |
e | ɛ | eh | then | |
ew | ɛw | eyo | ||
ey | ɛj | aey | say | |
f | f | ff | fool | |
ng | ŋ | nng | sing | |
h | h | hh | ham | |
i | i | ee | machine | |
ì | ɪ | iih | thin, bit | |
k | k | k' | skill | unaspirated |
l | l | ll | left | |
ll | l: | lll | allow | always front and light, never /ɫ/ |
m | m | mm | man, ham | |
n | n | nn | no, tin | |
o | o | oh | mow | |
p | p | p' | spin | unaspirated |
r | ɾ | rr | ||
rr | r | rrr | strongly trilled | |
s | s | ss | see, city | |
t | t | t' | stop | unaspirated |
u | u, ʊ | oou | do | |
v | v | vuh | voice, have | |
w | w | w' | we | |
tx | t' | see ejectives, below | ||
kx | k' | see ejectives, below | ||
px | p' | see ejectives, below | ||
y | j | y' | yes | |
z | z | zz | zoo | |
' | ʔ | the middle of uh-oh |
The letters b, d, j, and q never appear in Na'vi.
Phonetics
Consonants
There are twenty consonants:
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ejective | px [p'] | tx [t'] | kx [k'] | ||
Plosive | p [p] | t [t] | k [k] | ' [?] | |
Affricate | ts [ts] | ||||
Voiceless fricative | f [f] | s [s] | h [h] | ||
Voiced fricative | v [v] | z [z] | |||
Nasal | n [n] | m [m] | ng [ŋ] | ||
Liquid | r [r], l [l] | ||||
Glide | w [w] | y [j] |
The consonants ts, f and s can occur as the first element of a syllable-initial consonant cluster. The consonants px, tx, kx, p, t, k, m, n, ng, r, l, and ' can occur in syllable-final position.
The digraphs px, tx, kx, ts and ng represent the three ejectives, the affricate, and the velar nasal respectively.
Voiceless stops are unaspirated. In final position they are unreleased.
Lenition
Following certain adpositions and prefixes, initial consonants mutate as follows:
- px, tx, kx become p, t, k
- p, t, k become f, s, h
- ts becomes s
- ' disappears
Affixes that cause lenition are marked with a + rather than -, as in me+, the dual prefix.
The number markers — me+ dual, pxe+ trial and ay+ — all cause lenition, meton two nights (txon night).
Vowels
Na'vi has a 7-vowel system:
Na'vi | IPA | Notes |
---|---|---|
i | i | |
ì | ɪ | |
e | ε | always lax |
ä | æ | |
u | u or ʊ | |
o | o | |
a | a |
Diphthongs
Na'vi has four diphthongs:
Na'vi | IPA |
---|---|
aw | aw |
ew | εw |
ay | aj |
ey | εj |
Phonotactics
Every syllable has a single vowel or diphthong at its center. Each vowel or diphthong in a word corresponds to a separate syllable. A single vowel or diphthong may be a syllable by itself.
Within syllables, Na'vi vowels and diphthongs can be preceded by either one or two consonants. They can also be followed by one consonant. That is, the syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C), where V represents a vowel or a diphthong. Restrictions on which consonants can occur in which positions are given below.
Any consonant can occur at the beginning of a syllable. Clusters of two consonants can occur, but only in syllable-initial position and only in the following combinations:
- {f, s, ts} + {p, t, k, px, tx, kx, m, n, ng, r, l, w, y}
There are thus 39 possible initial C-clusters, all of which are attested in the lexicon.
Sequences of stop + liquid, though they cannot occur initially, may be found medially. In such cases, however, a syllable boundary intervenes. Example: ikran "banshee" divides as ik-ran, not *i-kran.
Only certain consonants occur in syllable-final position. These are:
Ejectives | px | tx | kx | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stops | p | t | k | ' |
Nasals | m | n | ng | |
Liquids | r, l |
Vowel clusters
Na'vi allows unlimited sequences of vowels in a word. If no glottal stop intervenes, the vowels in such clusters glide smoothly from one to another. Each such vowel represents a separate syllable. Examples: tsaleioae (6 syllables), meoauniaea (8 syllables).
Pseudovowels
In CV syllables, the liquids l and r can replace the vowel. When they are syllabic they are lengthened and written ll and rr respectively.
Pseudovowels may not occur in closed syllables, that is, there may be no final consonant in a syllable that has ll or rr.
When the consonant l combines with the pseudovowel ll, as with the perfective infix ‹ol›, the lll reduces to just the consonant, as in poltxe from *p‹ol›lltxe.
Stress
Word stress in Na'vi is unpredictable and distinctive. Stress must thus be specified for each word. In learning materials only, the stressed syllable in a word is underlined: tute "person", tute "female person".