Difference between revisions of "Verb syntax"

From Learn Na'vi Wiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(→‎Imperative: another rä'ä example)
Line 19: Line 19:
 
Commands in Na'vi have no special infix.  Positive commands are simply a verb stem, '''kä! kä!''' ''go! go!'' (from the film).  The pronoun may also be stated explicitly, ''' 'awpot set ftxey ayngal''', ''(you) choose one now'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Hunt Song).
 
Commands in Na'vi have no special infix.  Positive commands are simply a verb stem, '''kä! kä!''' ''go! go!'' (from the film).  The pronoun may also be stated explicitly, ''' 'awpot set ftxey ayngal''', ''(you) choose one now'' ({{Corpus ASG}}, Hunt Song).
  
Negative commands are not negated with the usual negative adverb '''ke''', but rather use the word '''rä'ä''', as in '''txopu rä’ä si''' ''don't be afraid'' (from the film).
+
Negative commands are not negated with the usual negative adverb '''ke''', but rather use the word '''rä'ä''', as in '''txopu rä’ä si''' ''don't be afraid'' (from the film), '''tsakem rä’ä sivi''' ''don't do that (action)'' ({{Corpus GMA}}).
  
A polite command or request may instead use the infix '''‹iv›''' (see [[#Optative|Optative]] below).
+
A command may also use the infix '''‹iv›'''[[Canon#Trials & transitivity|Frommer says]], "at an earlier point in the history of the language there was probably a polite/familiar distinction (the '''-iv-''' form being the politer one), but that's no longer the case. They're used interchangeably. So to say "Go!" you can say either '''kivä''' or just '''kä'''."
  
 
== The Subjunctive ==
 
== The Subjunctive ==

Revision as of 04:31, 28 February 2010

preliminaries here

Transitivity

The Reflexive

A reflexive verb, with the ‹äp› infix in pre-first position, is intransitive. Oe tsäpe'a I see myself; oe yäperur I'm washing myself. (RaN).

'Si' Construction

Verbal idioms composed of a noun with si do, make are intransitive. What would be thought of as the direct object in English will take the dative, ngaru seiyi irayo I thank you (various). [1]

Tense

Aspect

Combined Tense and Aspect

Mood

Imperative

Commands in Na'vi have no special infix. Positive commands are simply a verb stem, kä! kä! go! go! (from the film). The pronoun may also be stated explicitly, 'awpot set ftxey ayngal, (you) choose one now (ASG, Hunt Song).

Negative commands are not negated with the usual negative adverb ke, but rather use the word rä'ä, as in txopu rä’ä si don't be afraid (from the film), tsakem rä’ä sivi don't do that (action) (GMA).

A command may also use the infix ‹iv›. Frommer says, "at an earlier point in the history of the language there was probably a polite/familiar distinction (the -iv- form being the politer one), but that's no longer the case. They're used interchangeably. So to say "Go!" you can say either kivä or just ."

The Subjunctive

The subjunctive is marked with the infix ‹iv›. It has quite a range of uses.

Optative

It is used to indicate wish, oeyä swizaw nìngay tivakuk let my arrow strike true (ASG, Hunt Song).

It may also indicate a polite command, spivaw oeti rutxe please believe me (AMFP).

Modal Complement

The verbal complement to a modal verb, such as zene must, tsun can, be able to, and new, want to, will take the subjunctive, as in ayngari zene hivum you must leave (BtS), oe new nìtxan ayngaru fyawivìntxu I want very much to guide you (AMFP), fmawn a tsun oe ayngaru tivìng news which I can give to you (AMFP).

This construction is a bit unusual for modal verbs, compared to many languages, but reflects the reduction of a complex sentence from which the subordinating conjunction has disappeared.

Purpose

Purpose clauses using the conjunction fte (negative fteke) take the subjunctive, sawtute zera'u fte fol Kelutralti skiva'a the sky people are coming to destroy Hometree (BtS), fteke nìhawng livok to not get too close (NYT sound sample).

Conditional

We do not yet know all the types of conditional sentences in Na'vi. At least some do use the subjunctive in the protasis, pxan livu txo nì'aw oe ngari / tsakrr nga Na'viru yomtìyìng only if I am worth of you / will you then feed the people (ASG, Hunt Song).

With tsnì

The conjunction tsnì that introduces some kinds of report clause which cause the verb to take the subjunctive, ätxäle si tsnì livu oheru Uniltaron I respectfully request the Dream Hunt (BtS). In Frommer's own notes to AMFP, he says of sìlpey hope, "optionally takes tsnì to mark the clause and requires -iv- in the subordinate verb(s))."

Affect

Positive

Negative

Formal

Evidential

The evidential ‹ats› marks uncertainty or indirect knowledge (Evidential).