Vocabulary

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The Na'vi language has 20 consonants, 7 vowels, 4 diphthongs, and 2 syllabic pseudovowels, rr and ll (LL). Since Na'vi isn't a written language, it is transcribed using the Latin letters. In order to make the usage of this vocabulary easier to most people, the letters are arranged here in a sequence, which mostly follows the original Latin alphabet. The letters for "special" sounds are positioned according to their resemblance to "normal" sounds. Thus the letter sequence used here is:

’ (apostrophe) . A . AW . AY . Ä . E . EW . EY . F . H . I . Ì . K . KX . L . LL . M . N . NG (= G) . O . P . PX . R . RR . S . T . TX . TS (= C) . U . V . W . Y . Z

The vocabulary includes 1. the Na'vi word (in bold letters), 2. the IPA transcription (in square brackets), 3. the part of speech (in italic letters and round brackets), 4. the English equivalent(s) and additional information, 5. sourced example(s) after the symbol ►.

Example:


kame [ˈka.mɛ] (Vtr) see (spiritual sense), acknowledge. ► Oel ngati kameie "I See you" (UGO).


ad 1. Compound verbs have a raised dot separating the compound elements. This is necessary because the verb infixes go into the final element of the compound only. For example, the proximate future of yom·tìng is not *yìyomtìng but is yomtìyìng.

ad 2. Purple colour is used to indicate stressed syllables in words, where the stress is officially recognized. In Frommer's own documents an underline is used to indicate stress, but on web pages this underline often causes confusion with certain letters.

ad 3. The IPA transcription includes dots (.) to indicate syllable breaks. If there aren't any dots between syllables, the syllable breaks are dubious.

ad 4. The abbreviations for the parts of speech are as follows:

Adj adjective
Adp+ adposition causing lenitation
Adp– adposition not causing lenitation
Adv adverb
Inf 1 first-position verbal infix
Inf pre-1 "pre-first" verbal infix (Frommer's term for infixes that come before tense and aspect infixes)
Inf 2 second-position verbal infix
Idiom idiomatic expression (e. g. interjections, fixed phrases, locutions)
Conj conjunction
M+ marker causing lenitation
M– marker not causing lenitation
N noun
NP proper noun (names of people, places etc.)
Num numeral
Part particle
Pron pronoun
Q question word
Vin intransitive verb
Vtr transitive verb


’ (Apostrophe) [Ɂ]

ampi [ˈɁam.pi] (Vtr) touch.

’aw [Ɂaw] (Num) one. ► ’awa tìpawm(ìri) [one question] (Numerals).

’awkx [Ɂawkʼ] (N) cliff.

’awpo [ˈɁaw.po] (Pron) one (individual/person) (acc.: ’awpot).ha ftxey awpot [< ’awpot?] ayngal "so choose one" (ASG, Hunt Song).

’awsiteng [Ɂaw.si.ˈtɛŋ] (Adv) together. ► zene oe ’awsiteng tìkangkem sivi fohu … "I must work together with those …" (AMFP).

’awstengyem [Ɂaw.stɛŋ.ˈjɛm] (Vtr) join (two things together).

’awve [ˈɁaw.vɛ] (Adj) first. ► koren a’awve tìruseyä ’awsiteng "the first rule of living together" (GMA)

’e’al [ˈɁɛ.Ɂal] (Adj) worst (↔ swey).

’efu [ˈɁɛ.fu] (Vtr) feel, sense, perceive. ► Lì’fyari leNa’vi oel ’efu ayngeyä tìyawnit "I feel your love for the Na’vi language" (AMFP).

’eko [ˈɁɛ.ko] (Vtr) attack.

’ekong [ˈɁɛ.koŋ] (N) beat (rhythmic, e. g. heartbeat). ► ’ekong te’lanä "the beat of the hearts" (ASG, Weaving Song).

’em [Ɂɛm] (Vtr) cook.

’engeng [ˈɁɛŋ.ɛŋ] (Adj) level.

’eveng [ˈɁɛ.vɛŋ] (N) child (dual: meveng; trial: pxeveng; plural: [ay]eveng).kifkeyit Eywa’evengä zamolunge awngar "[they] have brought us the world of Pandora [= child of Eywa]" (AMFP).

’evi [ˈɁɛ.vi] (N) kid (affectionate form of "child").

’ewan [ˈɁɛ.wan] (Adj) young. ► aylì’ufa awngeyä ’eylanä a’ewan Markusì "in the words of our young friend Markus" (AMFP).

’eylan [ˈɁɛj.lan] (N) friend (short plural: eylan). ► ayeylanur oeyä sì eylanur lì’fyayä leNa’vi "to my friends and friends of the Na’vi language"; ’eylan ayngeyä, Pawl "your friend, Paul" (AMFP).

’eyng [Ɂɛjŋ] (V) answer, respond. ► ’Awa tìpawmìri ’iveyng oe set; aylari zusawkrr ’ayeyng. [Let me answer one of the questions now; the others I will answer in the future.] (Numerals).

’i’a [ˈɁi.Ɂa] (Vin) end, conclude.

’ia [ˈɁi.a] (Vin) lose oneself (spiritual sense).

’it [Ɂit] (N) bit, small amount.

’itan [ˈɁi.tan] (N) son.

’ite [ˈɁi.tε] (N) daughter.

’ì’awn [Ɂɪ.ˈɁawn] (Vin) remain, stay.

’ìheyu [Ɂɪ.ˈhɛ.ju] (N) spiral. ► ’ìheyu sìreyä "the spiral of the lives" (ASG, Weaving Song).

’Ìnglìsì [ˈɁɪŋ.lɪ.sɪ] (N) English language.

’ok [Ɂok] (N) memory, remembrance.

’ong [Ɂoŋ] (V) unfold, blossom. ► ’Ivong *Na’vi! "Let *Na’vi bloom!" (AMFP); lì’fyari leNa’vi ’Rrtamì, vay set ’almong a fra’u "everything that has gone on with (blossomed regarding) Na'vi until now" (GMA).

’Rrta [ˈɁr̩ː.ta] (NP) Earth. ► ’Rrtamì "on Earth" (GMA).

’upe [ˈɁu.pε] (Q) what (thing) (alternative form: peu).X nìNa’vi slu ’upe? (or) X nìNa’vi slu peu? "How do you say X in Na’vi?" [lit.: In Na’vi X becomes what?] ([1] Jan 21).

’upxare [Ɂu.ˈpʼa.ɾɛ] (N) message. ► fpole’ ayngal oer a ’upxaret stolawm oel "I have heard the message you have sent me" (AMFP).

A [a]

a [a] (M–) to subordinate an attributive sentence to a noun ('relative clause'); the a is always placed between the noun and it's attribute. ► ha ftxey awpot [< ’awpot] ayngal a lu ayngakip "so choose one [who is] among you" (ASG, Hunt Song); Fpole’ ayngal oer a ’upxaret "[I have heard] the message [which] you have sent me" (AMFP); ke rey a tute "person who doesn't live / isn't alive" ([2]).

-a | a- [a] (M–) to attribute an adjective or participle to a noun; the a is attached to the adjective, but always faces the noun. ► ngima kilvan (or) kilvan angim "long river", fahew akewong "alien smell" (LL); sìltsana fmawn "good news" (AMFP); Palulukan atusaron lu lehrrap "A hunting thanator is dangerous" ([3]); If the a is attached to an adjective beginning or ending with an "a", one of the "a"s is deleted: skxawng apxa [< a-apxa], apxa [apxa-a] skxawng ([4]).

a fì’u [a fɪ.Ɂu] (Conj) to nominalize a subordinate clause ("the fact, that …"). ► Tsun oe ngahu nìNa’vi pivängkxo a fì’u oeru prrte’ lu "It’s a pleasure to be able to chat with you in Na’vi" [= The fact, that I am able …, is a pleasure to me] (TO); Ngal oeyä ’upxaret aysuteru fpole’ a fì’uri, ngaru irayo seiyi oe nìtxan! [Concerning the fact, that you sent my message to the people, I thank you very much!], alternatively one can use furia: Furia ngal … fpole’, ngaru … ([5] Jan 20).

a krr [a kr̩ː] (Conj) when (to conclude a clause of time; when … then – a krr … tsakrr).Tì’eyngit oel tolel a krr, … (tsakrr …) "When I receive an answer, … (then …)" (AMFP); Ngeyä Tireaioang zola’u a krr, law layu nagru "When your Spirit Animal comes, you will know" (Krr).

alaksi [a.ˈlak.si] (Adj) ready.

alìm [a.ˈlɪm] (Adv) far away, at a distance.

‹am› [a.m] (Inf 1) to indicate past tense <PST>. ► ke pamähängem kea tì’eyng "no answer has arrived" (AMFP).

apxa [a.ˈpʼa] (Adj) large.

‹arm› [aɾ.m] (Inf 1) to indicate both, past tense and imperfective aspekt <PST.IPFV>. ► "<arm> is <a<er>m> PST.IMPV" ([6] Dec 28); oe harmahängaw [I fell asleep] ([7] Jan 27).

atan [a.ˈtan] (N) light. ► atan is "source of illumination".

atokirina’ [atoki.ˈɾi.naɁ] (N) atokirina, seeds of the great tree.

atxkxe [atʼ.ˈkʼɛ] (N) land.

‹ats› [a.ʦ] (Inf 2) to indicate evidential: uncertainty or indirect knowledge <EVID>. ► Fpìrmìl oel futa aynga natsew tsive’a fì’ut. [I was just thinking that you might want to see this], can also be used in combination with kxam (perhaps) for reinforcement ([8]).

au [ˈa.u] (N) drum (made of skin).

aungia [a.ˈu.ŋi.a] (N) sign, omen.

AW [aw]

‹awn› [aw.n] (Inf pre-1) to make a passive participle.

awnga, awngal, awngeyä, awngar(u)ayoeng.

AY [aj]

ay+ [aj] (M+) plural prefix. ► aysokx "bodies" (LL); ayzìsìt "years" (ASG, Weaving Song); ayoe "we" (ASG, Hunt Song); ayeylanur oeyä "to my friends" (AMFP).

‹ay› [a.j] (Inf 1) to indicate future tense <FUT>. ► tayaron "will hunt" (LL); ayngaru payeng "I will let you know" (AMFP).

ayfo [aj.fo] (Pron) they (3rd person plural; short plural: fo ).zene oe ’awsiteng tìkangkem sivi fohu … "I must work together with those …" (AMFP).

  1. ayfeyä [aj.fɛ.jæ] (Genitive:) their. (short plural: feyä).holpxay ayzekwäyä feyä "the number of their fingers" (Some Conjunctions and Adverbs).
  2. ayforu [aj.fo.ɾu] (Dative:) to them. (short plural: foru ).foru ’upxaret oel fpole’ "I have sent them a message" (AMFP).

ayla [aj.la] (Adj) the others. ► ’Awa tìpawmìri ’iveyng oe set; aylari zusawkrr ’ayeyng. [Let me answer one of the questions now; the others I will answer in the future.] (Numerals).

aylaru [aj.ˈla.ɾu] contraction of ay-lahe-ru (to the others).

aynga [aj.ˈŋa] (Pron) you (2nd person plural).Terìran ayoe ayngane "We are walking your way" (ASG, Hunt Song); ayngakip "among you" (ASG, Hunt Song); nìaynga "(the same) like you" (AMFP).

  1. ayngal [aj.ŋal] (Ergative:) you. ► ha ftxey awpot [< ’awpot?] ayngal "so choose one" (ASG, Hunt Song); fpole’ ayngal oer a ’upxaret "[I have heard] the message you have sent me" (AMFP).
  2. ayngeyä [aj.ŋɛ.jæ] (Genitive:) your. ► oel ’efu ayngeyä tìyawnit "I feel your love" (AMFP); ’eylan karyusì anygeyä "your friend and teacher" (AMFP).
  3. ayngaru [aj.ŋa.ɾu] (or) ayngar [aj.ŋaɾ] (Dative:) to you. ► Ayftxozä Lefpom! "Happy Holidays!" (UGO); ayngaru seiyi irayo "I thank you" (AMFP); paye’un sweya fya’ot a zamivunge oel ayngar … "I will decide the best way to bring you …" (AMFP).
  4. ayngati [aj.ŋa.ti] (Accusative:) you. ► Oel ayngati kameie, ma oeyä eylan "I see you, my friends." (AMFP).

ayngenga [aj.ŋɛ.ŋa] (Pron) you (2st person plural; deferential or ceremonial form);aynga. ► ([9]).

ayoe [aj.ˈo.ɛ] (Pron) we (1st person plural, exclusive).Terìran ayoe … rerol ayoe … "We are walking … we are singing …" (ASG, Hunt Song); Tivìran po ayoekip … "Let her walk among us …" ([10] Jan 09).

  1. ayoeru [aj.o.ɛ.ɾu] (or) ayoer [aj.o.ɛɾ] (Dative:) to us. ► trrit a ngal tìyìng ayoer(u) aylì’ut n’ìul "the day that you will give us more words" (CwT).

ayohe [aj.o.hɛ] (Pron) we (1st person plural exclusive; deferential or ceremonial form);ayoe. ► The inclusive form is ohe ayngengasì [I and you] or ohe pxengengasì [I and (the three of) you] ([11]).

ayoeng [aj.o.ɛŋ] (or) awnga [awŋa] (Pron) we (1st person plural, inclusive). ► ([12]).

  1. ayoengal [aj.o.ɛ.ŋal] (or) awngal [awŋal] (Ergative:) we. ► ([13] Feb 18); awngal yom wutsot [we eat the meal] (Why is).
  2. awngeyä [awŋɛ.jä] (Genitive:) our. ► Aylì’ufa awngeyä ’eylanä a’ewan Markusì "In the words of our young friend Markus" (AMFP).
  3. awngar [awŋaɾ] (Dative:) to us. ► … fohu a … zamolunge awngar "with those who brought us …" (AMFP).

Ä [æ]

[æ] (M) genitive suffix (in case of the word ending on a consonant, diphthong or pseudo-vowel) [allomorph: -yä ]. ► ayzìsìtä kato "the rhythm of the years" (ASG, Weaving Song); tìftia kifkeyä "the study of the physical world" (SciMag); [kato] trrä sì txonä "[the rhythm] of night and day [lit.: day and night]" (ASG, Weaving Song).

äie [æ.ˈi.ɛ] (N) vision (spiritual sense).

‹äng› [æŋ] (Inf 2) to indicate negative feelings <PEJ>. ► längu "is-NEG-ATTIDUDE", tayarängon "will hunt (and the speaker feels negative about it)" (LL); ke pamähängem kea tì’eyng "no answer has arrived" (AMFP).

äo [æ.o] (Adp–) under, below. ► äo Vitrautral "under the Tree of Souls" (Lemondrop).

‹äp› [æ.p] (Inf pre-1) to make a reflexive verb, which is intransitive. ► oe tsäpe’a "I see myself." (RaN).

ätxäle [æ.ˈtʼæ.lɛ] (N) request.

ätxäle si [æ.ˈtʼæ.lɛ si] (Vin) request. ► Uses tsnì to introduce the clause for what is requested, ätxäle si tsnì livu oheru Uniltaron "I respectfully request the Dream Hunt" (BtS).

E [ɛ]

ean [ˈɛ.an] (Adj) blue, green. ► Katot taftxu oel nìean nìrim "I weave the rhythm in yellow and blue [lit.: blue and yellow]" (ASG, Weaving Song).

‹ei› [ɛ.i] (Inf 2) to indicate positive feelings <APPROB> [allomorph: -eiy ]. ► tayareion "will hunt (and the speaker feels positive about it)" (LL); Oel ngati kameie "I See you" (UGO); ayngaru seiyi irayo "I thank you" (AMFP).

‹eiy› [ɛ.i.j] (Inf 2) allomorph of ↑ ‹ei› (in case of a following i).

eltu [ˈɛl.tu] (N) brain.

eltu lefngap [ˈɛl.tu lɛ.ˈfŋap] (N) computer (lit.: metallic brain).

eltu si [ˈɛl.tu si] (V) pay attention, quit goofing off.

eltungawng [ˈɛl.tu.ŋawŋ] (N) brainworm (zool.).

emza’u [ɛm.ˈza.Ɂu] (V) pass (a test).

eo [ˈɛ.o] (Adp–) before, in front of.

‹er› [ɛ.ɾ] (Inf 1) to indicate imperfective aspect <IPFV>. ► teraron "be hunting" (LL); Neytiri herahaw "Neytiri is sleeping" (MSNBC); oe perey "I am waiting" (AMFP); palulukan a teraron "a thanator that's hunting" ([14]).

EY [ɛj]

eyawr [ɛj.ˈawɾ] (Adj) correct, right. ► [15]

‹eyk› [ɛj.k] (Inf pre-1) to make a causative verb; the person, who is made to do the action of the verb, is added as a dative (A makes 'to' B doing something) or using fa (A has something be done 'by' B). ► Eytukanìl Neytirir yerikit teykolaron "Eytukan made Neytiri hunt a hexapede" (or) Eytukanìl fa Neytiri yerikit teykolaron "Eytukan had a hexapede hunted by Neytiri" ([16] Feb 17).

eyk [ɛjk] (V) lead.

eyktan [ˈɛjk.tan] (N) leader.

eylan’eylan.

Eywa [ˈɛj.wa] (NP) Eywa, 'the Great Mother' (the deity of the Na’vi).

Eywa ngahu [ˈɛj.wa ˈŋa.hu] (Idiom) Goodbye! Eywa (be) with you! ► Kìyevame ulte Eywa ngahu "See you again, and may Eywa be with you" (FL).

Eywa’eveng [ɛj.wa.Ɂɛ.vɛŋ] (NP) Pandora (lit.: child of Eywa). ► "it works as a compound" ([17] Jan 20).

F [f]

fa [fa] (Adp–) with, by means of. ► aylì’ufa "in the words [of …]" (AMFP); Eytukanìl fa Neytiri yerikit teykolaron "Eytukan had a hexapede hunted by Neytiri" ([18] Feb 17).

fahew [fa.ˈhɛw] (N) smell. ► fahew "smell" (LL).

fay+ [faj] (M+) proximal demonstrative prefix (plural): these (… here). ► fayvrrtep "these demons" (TO); teri faytele [about these topics] ([19] Feb 17).

fäpa [fæ.pa] (N) top.

feyäayfo.

fì- [fɪ] (M–) proximal demonstrative prefix (singular): this (… here). ► fìskxawng(ìri) "this moron" (TO); fìaylì’u(t) [these words] ([20] Jan 27).

’u [fɪ.ˈɁu] (Pron) this (thing) [↑ a fì’u]. ► "Fì’u means 'this thing, object, idea, fact, abstraction'" ([21] Dec 27); Fpìrmìl oel futa aynga natsew tsive’a fì’ut. [I was just thinking that you might want to see this] ([22]).

fya [fɪ.ˈfja] (Adv) this way, like this.

kem [fɪ.ˈkɛm] (Pron) this (action).

po [ˈfɪ.po] (Pron) this one (person or thing).

trr [fɪ.ˈtr̩ː] (Adv) today.

txan [fɪ.ˈtʼan] (Adv) so, to such an extent. ► fìtxan nìftxavang "so passionately" (AMFP).

txon [fɪ.ˈtʼon] (Adv) tonight. ► Fìtxon na ton alahe nìwotx pelun ke lu teng? [Why is this night not the same like all other nights?] (Why is).

tsenge [fɪ.ˈʦɛŋ.ɛ] (or) tseng [fɪ.ˈʦɛŋ] (Adv) here, this place. ► Fayvrrtep fìtsenge lu kxanì "These demons are forbidden here" (TO); Nga za’u fìtseng pxìm srak? "Do you come here often?" (Lemondrop).

fkarut [ˈfka.ɾut] (V) peel.

fkew [fkɛw] (Adj) mighty.

fkxake [ˈfkʼa.kɛ] (V) itch.

fkip [fkip] (Adp–) up among.

fko [fko] (Pron) one, they (in the general sense).Oeru syaw fko Neytiri "My name is Neytiri [lit.: one calls (to) me Neytiri]" (RaN).

flä [flæ] (Vin) succeed. ► Tìsteftxaw ngeyä flolä nìltsan! [Your examination succeeded well!] ([23] Jan 20).

fmal [fmal] (Vtr) sustain.

fmawn [fmawn] (N) news, something to report. ► sìltsana fmawn "good news" AMFP).

fmetok [ˈfmɛ.tok] (V) test.

fmi [fmi] (V) try, attempt.

fnu [fnu] (V) quiet (= be quiet).

fngap [fŋap] (N) metal. ► (MND).

fo, fo…ayfo, ayfo….

fpak [fpak] (V) hold off, suspend action.

fpe’ [fpɛɁ] (Vtr) send. ► fpole’ ayngal oer a ’upxaret "[I have heard] the message you have sent me" (AMFP).

fpeio [fpɛ.ˈi.o] (N) challenge (ceremonial).

fpi [fpi] (Adp+) for (the benefit or sake of).

fpìl [fpɪl] (Vtr) think. ► "fpìl is transitive", Oel fpolìl futa … "I thought this thing, (namely) that …" ([24] Dec 27).

fpom [fpom] (N) well-being, happiness; peace. ► Ngaru lu fpom srak? "Do you have a sense of well-being?" (VF).

fpxafaw [ˈfpʼa.faw] (N) medusa (zool.).

fpxäkìm [ˈfpʼæ.kɪm] (V) enter.

fra’u [ˈfɾa.Ɂu] (Pron) everything. ► vay set ’almong a fra’u "everything that has blossomed until now" (GMA).

frakrr [fɾa.kr̩ː] (N) every time; (Adv) always. ► "frakrr 'always'", about krr being a noun used averbially see also (Krr noun vs. adverb).

fratrr [fɾa.'tr̩ː] (Adv) every day.

frapo [fɾa.po] (Pron) everyone.

frìp [fɾɪp] (Vtr) bite.

frrfen [ˈfr̩ː.fɛn] (Vtr) visit. ► "frrfen (stress on 1st) = visit (transitive verb)" (Vocabulary and <iyev>).

frrtu [ˈfr̩ː.tu] (N) visitor, guest. ► "frrtu = guest" (Vocabulary and <iyev>).

ftang [ftaŋ] (V) stop.

ftawnemkrr [ftaw.ˈnɛm.kr̩ː] (N) past.

fte [ftɛ] (Conj) so that, (in order) to. ► Hetuwongìl awngeyä swotut ska’a, fte kllkivulat keruseya tskxet "The aliens destroy our sacred place to dig up dead rock" ([25]).

fteke [ˈftɛ.kɛ] (Conj) so that not, lest.

ftem [ftɛm] (Vtr) pass by (something).

ftia [fti.ˈa] (V) study.

ftu [ftu] (Adp–) from (direction).

ftue [ˈftu.ɛ] (Adj) easy, simple. ► Sìpawm ngeyä ke lu ftue [Your questions aren't easy] ([26] Feb 18).

ftxey [ftʼɛj] (Vtr) choose. ► ftxey awpot [< ’awpot?] (…) ayngal "choose one" (ASG, Hunt Song).

ftxì [ftʼɪ] (N) tongue. ► (MND).

ftxo [ftʼo.ˈzæ] (N) holiday, celebration, happy occasion. ► Ayftxozä Lefpom! "Happy Holidays!" (UGO and [27] Dec 27); Ayftozä [sic!] lefpom ayngaru nìwotx! "Happy Holidays to You All!" (OoOA).

fu [fu] (Conj) or. ► "nor" can be expressed using "or" (fu) with a negative: to do neither A nor B is not to do A or B (MND).

furia [ˈfu.ɾi.a] (Conj) that (contraction of fì’uri a, ↑ a fì’u ).

futa [ˈfu.ta] (Conj) that (contraction of fì’ut a, ↑ a fì’u ). ► Oel new futa kivä [I want to go], Oel new futa Taronyu kivä "I want Taronyu to go" (CwT); Oel fpolìl futa … "I thought this thing, (namely) that …" ([28] Dec 27).

fwa [fwa] (Conj) that (contraction of fì’u a, ↑ a fì’u ).

fwew [fwɛw] (Vtr) look for, seek.

fya’o [ˈfja.Ɂo] (N) path, way; method, manner (acc.: fya’ot).paye’un sweya fya’ot "I will decide the best way" (AMFP).

fyape [ˈfja.pɛ] (Q) how (alternative form: pefya).Fyape fko syaw ngar? "What's your name?" [lit.: How does one call (to) you?]. (Reflexives).

fyawìntxu [fja.wɪn.ˈtʼu] (Vin + dative) guide. ► oe new ayngaru fyawivìntxu "I want to guide you" (AMFP).

H [h]

ha [ha] (Conj) so, in that case. ► ha ftxey awpot [< ’awpot?] "So choose one" (ASG, Hunt Song).

hahaw [ˈha.haw] (Vin) sleep. ► "hahaw = sleep" ([29] Jan 27); Neytiri herahaw "Neytiri is sleeping" (MSNBC).

hangham [ˈhaŋ.ham] (Vin) laugh.

hapxì [ha.ˈpʼɪ] (N) part.

hasey [ha.ˈsɛj] (Adj) done, finished.

hawl [hawl] (V) prepare.

hawnu [ˈhaw.nu] (V) protect, shelter.

hetuwongketuwong.

’i [ˈhɪ.Ɂi] (Adj) little, small (in seize).

krr [ˈhɪ.kr̩ː] (N) second, a very short time. ► maw hìkrr ayoe tìyätxaw "we will return after a short time" (Zenke).

hiyìk [ˈhi.jɪk] (Adj) funny, strange.

hol [hol] (Adj) few. ► "hol = few" (Some Conjunctions and Adverbs).

holpxay [hol.ˈpʼaj] (N) number. ► (Some Conjunctions and Adverbs).

horenkoren.

hrrap [ˈhr̩ː.ap] (N) danger.

hu [hu] (Adp–) with (together with somebody, accompaniment).hu nga (or) ngahu "with you" (LL); oehu "with me" (UGO).

hufwe [hu.ˈfwɛ] (N) wind.

hum [hum] (V) leave, depart.

I [i]

i’en [ˈiɁ.ɛn] (N) stringed instrument.

iknimaya [ˈik.ni.ˈma.ja] (N) "Stairway to Heaven" (a rite of passage of the Na’vi).

ikran [ˈik.ɾan] (N) ikran, banshee (zool.).ikran "banshee" (LL).

‹ilv› [il.v] (Inf 1) to indicate both, perfective aspect and subjunctive mood <PFV.SJV>. ► "present perfect subjunctive" (Fused -iv-infixes).

‹imv› [im.v] (Inf 1) to indicate both, past (or recent past) tense and subjunctive mood <PST.SJV (or) REC.SJV>. ► "past subjunctive" (Fused -iv-infixes).

io [ˈi.o] (Adp–) above.

ioang [i.ˈo.aŋ] (N) animal, beast.

irayo [i.ˈɾa.jo] (N/Idiom) thank(s). ► Irayo nìmum [Thank you again] ([30] Jan 27).

irayo si [i.ˈɾa.jo si] (Vin + dative) to thank (someone). ► ayngaru seiyi irayo "I thank you" (AMFP).

‹irv› [iɾ.v] (Inf 1) to indicate both, imperfective aspect and subjunctive mood <IPFV.SJV >. ► "present imperfect subjunctive" (Fused -iv-infixes).

-it [it] (M) accusative suffix (in case of the word ending on a consonant) [allomorphs: -t, -ti ]. ► Neytiril yerikit tolaron "Neytiri hunted a hexapede" (MSNBC); oel ’efu ayngeyä tìyawnit "I feel your love" (AMFP); kifkeyit Eywa’evengä zamolunge awngar "[they] have brought us the world of Pandora" (AMFP).

‹iv› [i.v] (Inf 1) to indicate subjunctive mood <SJV>.

  1. as optative <OPT> to indicate a wish or hope. ► oeyä txe’lan livu ngay "let my heart be true" (ASG, Hunt Song); ’Ivong *Na’vi! "Let *Na’vi bloom!" (AMFP).
  2. as iussive <JUS> to indicate encouragement. ► spivaw oeti rutxe "please believe me" (AMFP); Oeyä ikran slivu nga "Be my ikran" (Lemondrop).
  3. accompanying certain verbs, namely
    1. new (want). ► Txo new nga rivey, oehu! "Come with me, if you want to live!" (UGO); oe new ayngaru fyawìvintxu "I want to guide you" (AMFP).
    2. tsun (be able). ► fmawn a tsun oe ayngaru tivìng "news to give you" [= news, which I am able to give you] (AMFP).
    3. zene (must). ► livu win sì txur oe zene "I must be fast and strong" (ASG, Hunt Song); zene oe ’awsiteng tìkangkem sivi fohu … "I must work together with those …" (AMFP).
  4. in hypothetical conditional sentences (potentialis [and irrealis?]). ► pxan livu txo nì’aw oe ngari, tsakrr … "only if I am worthy of you, [then] …" (ASG, Hunt Song).

‹iyev› [i.jɛ.v] (Inf 1) to indicate both, future (or immediate future) tense and subjunctive mood <FUT.SJV (or) IMM.SJV> (alternative form: ‹ìyev›). ► "The -iyev- infix (…) is a 'fused' form combining tense and subjunctive mood. This one is a future subjunctive." (Vocabulary and <iyev>); "Both -iyev- and -ìyev- are acceptable." (Fused -iv-infixes).

Ì [ɪ]

-ìl [ɪl] (M) ergative suffix (in case of the word ending on a consonant) [allomorph: -l ]. ► oeri tìngayìl txe’lanit tivakuk "Let the truth strike my heart" (ASG, Hunt Song); Hetuwongìl awngeyä swotut ska’a "The aliens destroy our sacred place" ([31]).

ì [ˈɪ.læ] (or) ì [ɪ.ˈlæ] (Adp+) by, via, following.

‹ìm› [ɪ.m] (Inf 1) to indicate recent past tense <REC>. ► tìmaron "just now hunted" (LL).

-ìri [ɪɾi] (M) topic suffix (in case of the word ending on a consonant) [allomorph: -ri ]. ► Fìskxawngìri tsapʼalute sengi [< sängi?] oe "I apologize for this moron" (TO); Sìpawmìri oe ngaru seiyi irayo [I thank you for your questions] ([32] Jan 19).

‹ìrm› [ɪɾ.m] (Inf 1) to indicate both, recent past tense and imperfective aspect <REC.IPFV>. ► tìrmaron "was just now hunting" (LL).

‹ìy› [ɪ.j] (Inf 1) to indicate immediate future tense <IMM>. ► yomtìyìng "will feed" (ASG, Hunt Song); trrit a ngal tìyìng ayoer(u) aylì’ut n’ìul "the day that you will give us more words" (CwT).

‹ìyev›‹iyev›.

K [k]

ka [ka] (Adp–) across.

kalin [ka.ˈlin] (Adj) sweet. ► (MND).

kaltxì [kal.ˈtʼɪ] (Idiom) Hello! Greetings! ► Kaltxì! "Greetings! Hello!" (VF); Kaltxì ngaru [I greet you] ([33] Dec 15).

kame [ˈka.mɛ] (Vtr) see (spiritual sense), acknowledge. ► Oel ngati kameie "I See you" (UGO).

kan [kan] (V) aim. ► "kan is the verb meaning 'aim'" ([34] Dec 20).

kangay [ka.ˈŋaj] (Adj) valid.

kar [kaɾ] (Vtr) teach.

karyu [ˈkaɾ.ju] (N) teacher. ► ’eylan karyusì anygeyä "your friend and teacher" (AMFP).

kato [ˈka.to] (N) rhythm (acc.: katot).Tompayä kato, tsawkeyä kato "The rhythm of rain and sun" (ASG, Weaving Song); Katot täftxu oel "I weave the rhythm" (ASG, Weaving Song).

kavuk si [ka.ˈvuk si] (Vin) betray.

kawkrr [ˈkaw.kr̩ː] (N) no time; (Adv) never. ► "kawkrr 'never'", about krr being a noun used averbially see also (Krr noun vs. adverb).

kawng [kawŋ] (Adj) bad, evil.

kawtu [ˈkaw.tu] (Pron) no one, nobody. ► ke lu kawtu "there's nobody" (Lemondrop).

[kæ] (Vin) go. ► Oe zene kivä "I must go" (CwT); poltxe Eytukan san oe kayä sìk "Eytukan said he would go [lit.: Eytukan said <QUOTE.IN> I will go <QUOTE.OUT>]" ([35] Jan 21).

’ärìp [kæ.ˈɁæ.ɾɪp] (Vtr) push.

makto [kæ.ˈmak.to] (V) ride out.

ke [kɛ] (Adv) not. ► oel pot ke spaw "I don't believe him" ([36] Jan 21); ke rey a tute "person who doesn't live / isn't alive" ([37]).

ke’u [ˈkɛ.Ɂu] (Pron) nothing.

kea [ˈkɛ.a] (Adj) no ~ (to negate a noun).

kefya [kɛ.ˈfja] (Idiom) used to create a tag question, in the form kefya srak? like Fr. "n'est-ce pas?", Engl. "right?", or Germ. "nicht wahr?" at the end of a statement; kefya srak? may be further shortened to kefyak? ► (Tag Question).

kehe [ˈkɛ.hɛ] (Adv) no.

kelku [ˈkɛl.ku] (N) home, house.

kelku si [ˈkɛl.ku si] (Vin) live, dwell.

Kelutral [ˈkɛl.ut.ɾal] (NP) Hometree ([former] home of the Omatikaya clan of the Na’vi). ► zera'u fte fol Kelutralti skiva'a "they're coming to destroy Hometree" (BtS).

kem [kɛm] (N) action, deed. ► kem(ì)ri a ngaru prrte' ke lu "any action which you don't like" (GMA).

kempe [kɛm.pɛ] (Q) what (action) (alternative form: pehem).

kenong [ˈkɛ.noŋ] (V) model, represent, exemplify.

kerusey [ˈkɛ.ɾu.sɛj] (Adj) dead. ► keruseya tute "dead (= non-living) person", Hetuwongìl awngeyä swotut ska’a, fte kllkivulat keruseya tskxet "The aliens destroy our sacred place to dig up dead rock" ([38]).

ketuwong [ˈkɛ.tu.woŋ] (N) alien (short plural: hetuwong).Hetuwongìl awngeyä swotut ska’a, fte kllkivulat keruseya tskxet "The aliens destroy our sacred place to dig up dead rock" ([39]).

kewong [ˈkɛ.woŋ] (Adj) alien. ► fahew akewong "alien smell" (LL).

keyawr [kɛ.ˈjawɾ] (Adj) wrong, incorrect.

keye’ung [kɛ.ˈjɛ.Ɂuŋ] (N) insanity.

kifkey [ki.ˈfkɛj] (N) the (physical, solid) world. ► tìftia kifkeyä "the study of the physical world ['science']" (SciMag).

  1. kifkey Eywa’evengä [ki.fkɛj ɛj.wa.Ɂɛ.vɛŋæ] (N) Pandora (lit.: child of Eywa).kifkeyit Eywa’evengä zamolunge awngar "[they] have brought us the world of Pandora" (AMFP).

kilvan [kil.ˈvan] (N) river. ► ngima kilvan (or) kilvan angim "long river" (LL).

kin [kin] (V) need.

kinam [ki.ˈnam] (N) leg.

kinamtil [ki.ˈnam.til] (N) knee.

ki [ˈki.næ] (Num) seven. ► (Numerals).

kip [kip] (Adp–) among. ► ayngakip "among you" (ASG, Hunt Song); Tivìran po ayoekip … "Let her walk among us …" ([40] Jan 09).

kivol [ˈki.vol] (Num) (octal:) 70 (= decimal: 56). ► (Numerals).

’ong [kɪ.ˈɁoŋ] (Adj) slow.

kìm [kɪm] (V) spin.

kìng [kɪŋ] (N) thread.

te’e [kɪ.ˈtɛ.Ɂɛ] (N) service.

kìyevame [kɪ.jɛ.ˈva.mɛ] (Idiom) See you again soon! Goodbye! ► kìyevame "see you again" (FL); Kìyevame ulte Eywa ngahu "Goodbye for now, and may Eywa be with you" (AMFP); lit.: "May (we) See (each other again) in the future." (Fused -iv-infixes).

kllfro’ [kl̩ː.ˈfɾoɁ] (V) be responsible.

kll [kl̩ː.ˈkæ] (V) descend.

kll·kulat [kl̩ː.ˈku.lat] (V) dig up. ► Hetuwongìl awngeyä swotut ska’a, fte kllkivulat keruseya tskxet "The aliens destroy our sacred place to dig up dead rock" ([41]).

kllkxem [kl̩ː.ˈkʼɛm] (V) stand.

kllpxìltu [kl̩ː.ˈpʼɪl.tu] (N) territory.

kllte [kl̩ː.tɛ] (N) ground.

ko [ko] (Part) sentence-final particle to solicit agreement. ► ([42] Jan 09).

koren [ko.ˈɾɛn] (N) rule, guideline (short plural: horen).[zam(iv)unge oel ayngar] aylì’ut horentisì lì’fyayä leNa’vi "[I bring you] the words and the rules of Na’vi" (AMFP); "Rule is koren" ([43] Dec 20).

krr [kr̩ː] (N) time, ↑ a krr.

krrnekx [kr̩ː.ˈnɛkʼ] (V) take/consume time.

krrpe [ˈkr̩ː.pɛ] (Q) when (for questions only).

kunsìp [ˈkun.sɪp] (N) gunship.

kurakx [ku.ˈɾakʼ] (V) drive out.

KX [kʼ]

kxam [kʼam] (N) middle, midpoint.

kxam [ˈkʼam.læ] (Adp–) through (= via the middle of).

kxamtseng [ˈkʼam.ʦɛŋ] (N) center, place in the middle.

kxa [kʼanɪ] (Adj) forbidden. ► Fayvrrtep fìtsenge lu kxanì "These demons are forbidden here" (TO).

kxangangang [ˈkʼaŋ.aŋ.aŋ] (Onom) boom.

kxawm [kʼawm] (Adv) perhaps, maybe. ► kxawm oe harmahängaw [maybe I fell asleep] ([44] Jan 27).

kxener [ˈkʼɛ.nɛɾ] (N) smoke.

kxetse [ˈkʼɛ.ʦɛ] (N) tail.

kxeyey [ˈkʼɛ.jɛj] (N) error, mistake. ► Kxeyeyri tsap’alute sengi oe, "kxeyey = mistake, error" (CwT).

kxu [kʼu] (N) harm. ► [45].

L [l]

-l [l] (M) ergativ suffix (in case of the word ending on a vowel). ► Oel ngati kameie "I See you" (UGO); Neytiril yerikit tolaron "Neytiri hunted a hexapede" (MSNBC).

lahe [ˈla.hε] (Adj) other. ► tsakem rä’ä sivi aylaheru "don’t do that action (don’t act that (way)) to others" (GMA); Fìtxon na ton alahe nìwotx pelun ke lu teng? [Why is this night not the same like all other nights?] (Why is).

lam [lam] (Vin) seem, appear.

lapo (Pron) another one (person or thing).

latem [ˈla.tεm] (Vin) change (something is changing). ► "'Change' is indeed latem, but it's the intransitive version […]", the transitive version is formed using the causative infix: leykatem [someone changes something] ([46] Feb 15).

latsi [la.ˈʦi] (V) keep up with someone.

law [law] (Adj) clear, certain. ► Ngeyä Tireaioang zola’u a krr, law layu nagru "When your Spirit Animal comes, you will know [lit.: it will be clear to you]" (Krr); Sìlpey oe, oeyä tì’eyng law livu ngar [I hope, my answer is clear to you] (Fused -iv-infixes).

layon [la.ˈjon] (Adj) black.

le- [lɛ] (M–) to turn a noun into an adjective. ► lefpom "happy" (OoOA); in cases, where adjectives of this type are positioned after their belonging noun, the attributive marker a is usually omitted, thus: ayftxozä lefpom = ayftxozä alefpom ([47] Dec 27); aylì’ut horentisì lì’fyayä leNa’vi "the words and the rules of Na’vi" (AMFP).

lefngap [lε.ˈfŋap] (Adj) metallic.

lefpom [lɛ.fpom] (Adj) happy. ► "lefpom = happy, peaceful, joyous (not for people)" ([48] Jan 31); Ayftxozä Lefpom! "Happy Holidays!" (UGO); Txon lefpom (livu ngar) "(It may be to you a) good night" ([49] Jan 31).

lehrrap [lε.ˈhr̩ː.ap] (Adj) dangerous. ► Palulukan atusaron lu lehrrap "A hunting thanator is dangerous" ([50]).

lek [lεk] (V) heed, obey.

len [lεn] (Vin) occur, happen.

leNa’viNa’vi.

lesar [lε.ˈsar] (Adj) Useful.

lertu [ˈlεɾ.tu] (N) colleague.

letrr [lɛ.ˈtr̩ː] (Adj) daily. ► "I like letrr for daily!", mì oeyä letrra tìrey [in may daily life] (CwT).

letsunslu [lɛ.ˈʦun.slu] (Adj) possible. ► "letsunslu = possible" (Vocabulary and <iyev>).

lew si [lɛw si] (V) cover.

lì’fya [ˈlɪɁ.fja] (N) language. ► eylanur lì’fyayä leNa’vi nìwotx "to all friends of the Na’vi language" (AMFP).

’u [ˈlɪ.Ɂu] (N) word (acc.: lì’ut).[zam(iv)unge oel ayngar] aylì’ut horentisì lì’fyayä leNa’vi "[I bring you] the words and the rules of Na’vi" (AMFP); aylì’ufa "in the words [of …]" (AMFP).

lìm [lɪm] (Vin) far (= be far).

lok [lok] (Adp–) close to.

lok [lok] (V) get close to, approach. ► fteke nìhawng livok "(careful) not to get too close."

lonu [lo.ˈnu] (Vtr) release, let go.

lor [loɾ] (Adj) beautiful, pleasant to the senses. ► lor "beautiful, pleasant to the senses" [in contrast to ↑ sevin] (LL).

lrrtok [ˈlr̩ː.tok] (N) smile.

lu [lu] (Vin) be. ► "Lu, (…) is 'to be'" ([51] Dec 18).

  1. be (am, are, is; the copula). ► Oeri ta peyä fahew (…) ontu teya längu. "My nose is full of his smell" (LL).
  2. to indicate existence (there is). ► awpot [< ’awpot?] ftxey ayngal a l(u) ayngakip "choose one among you [= one, who is/exists among you]" (ASG, Hunt Song).
  3. in combination with a dative to indicate possession (have). ► Ngaru lu fpom srak? "Do you have a sense of well-being?" (VF); layu oeru ye’rin sìltsana fmawn "I well soon have good news" (AMFP). "... contrary to the general principle of flexible word order, 'have' constructions usually begin with the verb. So 'I have an ikran' is: Lu oeru ikran." (Dative possessive).

luke [lukε] (Adp–) without. ► [52].

lumpe [ˈlum.pε] (Q) why (alternative form: pelun).

lun [lun] (N) reason. ► related to talun(a) "because"; see also oeyk and taweyk(a) (Some Conjunctions and Adverbs).

M [m]

ma [ma] (M–) vocative marker in front of the belonging noun. ► Tewti, ma Prrton! "Wow, Prrton!" (LL); Oel ayngati kameie, ma oeyä eylan "I see you, my friends" (AMFP); multiple vocatives are usually clustered: ma smukan sì smuke "Brothers and sisters!" (not: ma smukan sì ma smuke) ([53]); ma is always in front of all words included in the address: ma oeyä eylan "My friends!"; ma can't be used as a suffix or enclitic ([54]).

makto [ˈmak.to] (V) ride. ► oeng ’awsiteng mivakto "let's ride together" (Lemondrop).

maw [maw] (Adp–) after (time). ► maw hìkrr ayoe tìyätxaw "we will return after a short time" (Zenke).

mawey [ma.ˈwɛj] (Adj) calm.

mawkrr [ma.kr̩ː] (Adv) after (time), afterwards.

me+ [mɛ] (M+) dual marker. ► meveng [< me+ + ’eveng] ([55] Jan 20).

mefo [ˈmε.fo] (Pron) they (= those two). (3rd person dual). ► ([56]).

menga [mɛ.ŋa] (Pron) you (= the two of you) (2st person dual). ► ([57]).

mengenga [mɛ.ŋɛ.ŋa] (Pron) you (2st person dual; deferential or ceremonial form);menga. ► ([58]).

meuia [mε.ˈu.i.a] (N) honor.

mevol [ˈmε.vol] (Num) (octal:) 20 (= decimal: 16). ► (Numerals).

meyp [mεjp] (Adj) weak.

mi [mi] (Adv) yet, still (= as before). ► (MND).

mikyun [ˈmik.jun] (N) ear.

mip [mip] (Adj) new. ► Mipa Zìsìt Lefpom Ngaru! [Happy New Year to You!] ([59] Dec 31).

[mɪ] (Adp+) in, on (about place and time).mì sokx "in the body" (or) "in the bodies" (LL); mì oeyä letrra tìrey "in my daily life" (CwT); ’Rrtamì "on Earth" (GMA).

kam [mɪ.ˈkam] (Adp–) between.

mìn [mɪn] (V) turn.

so [mɪ.ˈso] (Adv) away (position: "Stay away!"; cf. neto). ► ([60] Feb 15).

mllte [ml̩ː.ˈtε] (V) agree.

moe [ˈmo.ε] (Pron) we (= the two of us) (1st person dual exclusive). ► ([61]).

mohe [mo.hɛ] (Pron) we (= the two of us) (1st person dual exclusive; deferential or ceremonial form);moe. ► The inclusive form is ohe ngengasì [I and you] ([62]).

mokri [ˈmok.ɾi] (N) voice. ► Utral Aymokriyä "Tree of Voices" (Lemondrop).

mrr [mr̩ː] (Num) five. ► (Numerals).

mrrvol [ˈmr̩ː.vol] (Num) (octal:) 50 (= decimal: 40). ► (Numerals).

muiä [mu.ˈi.æ] (Adj) proper, fair, right, justified.

mun’i [mun.ˈɁi] (V) cut. ► "mun’i is the verb 'cut'" (CwT).

mune [ˈmu.nε] (Num) two. ► (Numerals).

muntxa [mun.ˈtʼa] (Adj) mated.

munge [ˈmu.ŋε] (Vtr) take, bring.

mungwrr [muŋ.ˈwr̩ː] (Adp–) except. ► (MND).

N [n]

na [na] (Adp–) like, as. ► aylì’u na ayskxe mì te'lan "the words are like stones in my heart" (BtS); Fìtxon na ton alahe nìwotx pelun ke lu teng? [Why is this night not the same like all other nights?] (Why is).

na’ring [ˈnaɁ.ɾɪŋ] (N) forest.

Na’vi [ˈnaɁ.vi] (NP) the Na’vi, the People. ► kato te’lanä le-Na’vi "the rhythm of the hearts of the people" (ASG, Weaving Song); awpot [< ’awpot?] a Na’viru yomtìyìng "[choose] one, who will feed the People" (ASG, Hunt Song).

  1. nìNa’vi [nɪ.naɁ.vi] (Adv) in the manner of the Na’vi. ► ngahu nìNa’vi pivängkxo "to chat with you in Na’vi" [= like the Na’vi] (TO); X nìNa’vi slu ’upe? "How do you say X in Na’vi?" [lit.: In Na’vi X becomes what?] ([63] Jan 21).
  2. leNa’vi [lɛ.naɁ.vi] (Adj) Na’vi (as an attribute), 'Na’viean'. ► eylanur lì’fyayä leNa’vi "to the friends of the Na’vi language" (AMFP).

nantang [ˈnan.taŋ] (N) viperwolf (zool.). [Caniferratus costatus (striped armored wolf); more than 2 meters long, more than 1 m in height; land predator, hunts in small groups (ASG, p. 103/104)].

nang [naŋ] (Part) particle for surprise, exclamation, encouragement.

nari [ˈna.ɾi] (N) eye.

nari si [ˈna.ɾi si] (Vin) watch out, be careful.

nawm [nawm] (Adj) great, noble.

näk [næk] (Vtr) drink.

ne [nɛ] (Adp–) to (direction).Terìran ayoe ayngane "We are walking your way" (ASG, Hunt Song); ne kllte! "get down!" (lit.: to the ground!; ASG).

ne’ìm [nɛ.ˈɁɪm] (Adv) back (direction).

nekll [nɛ.ˈkl̩ː] (Adv) down (direction). ► Tìng nari nekll "See below" ([64]).

nekx [nɛkʼ] (Vtr) burn, consume.

nemfa [ˈnεm.fa] (Adp–) into.

neto [nε.ˈto] (Adv) away (direction: "Go away!"; cf. mìso). ► ([65] Feb 15); neto rä’ä kivä! "don't go away!" (GMA).

new [nɛw] (Vtr + subjunctive) want. ► Txo new nga rivey, oehu! "Come with me, if you want to live." (UGO); oe new ayngaru fyawìvintxu "I want to guide you" (AMFP); Oel new kivä = Oel new futa kivä [I want to go], Oel new futa Taronyu kivä "I want Taronyu to go" (CwT).

niä [ni.ˈæ] (Vtr) grab.

nì- [nɪ] (M–) turns a noun, adjective or numeral into an adverb of modal sense ("in the manner of", "like a", "à la"). ► ngahu nìNa’vi pivängkxo "to chat with you in Na’vi" [= like the Na’vi] (TO); Katot taftxu oel nìean nìrim "I weave the rhythm in yellow and blue [lit.: blue and yellow]" (ASG, Weaving Song); nì’aw "only" [ADV-one] (ASG, Hunt Song); nìaynga "(the same) like you" (AMFP).

nì’aw [nɪ.Ɂaw] (Adv) only. ► ha nì’aw, pxan livu txo nì’aw oe ngari … "So only, only if I am worthy of you …" (ASG, Hunt Song); yom °matsat nì’aw [we eat only °matzah] (Why is).

’awtu [nɪ.ˈɁaw.tu] (Adv) alone (as one person).

’awve [nɪ.ˈɁaw.vɛ] (Adv) first(ly).

’it [nɪ.ˈɁit] (Adv) small amount, a bit.

’ul [nɪ.ˈɁul] (Adv) more. ► ngal tayìng ayoer(u) aylì’ut nì’ul "you will give us more words" (CwT).

nìawnomum [nɪ.aw.ˈno.mum] (Adv) as you know, as is known. ► (AMFP).

nìayoeng [naj.ˈweŋ] (Adv) like us, as we do.

ftue [nɪ.ˈftu.ɛ] (Adv) easily.

ftxavang [nɪ.ˈftʼa.vaŋ] (Adv) passionately, with all heart. ► fìtxan nìftxavang "so passionately" (AMFP).

hawng [nɪ.ˈhawŋ] (Adv) too, excessively.

tam [nɪ.ˈtam] (Adv) enough (after an adjective).

nìltsan [nɪl.ˈʦan] (Adv) well. ► Plltxe nga nìltsan! "You speak well!" (LL); Tìsteftxaw ngeyä flolä nìltsan! [Your examination succeeded well!] ([66] Jan 20).

mun [nɪ.ˈmun] (Adv) again. ► Ngaru irayo seiyi oe nìmun [I thank you again] ([67] Jan 07).

nìn [nɪn] (Vtr) look at.

nìNa’viNa’vi.

ngay [nɪ.ˈŋaj] (Adv) truly. ► Oeyä swizaw nìngay tivakuk "Let my arrow strike true" (ASG, Hunt Song).

tam [nɪ.ˈtam] (Adv) enough.

teng [nɪ.ˈtɛŋ] (Adv) too, likewise, as well. ► Nìaynga oe perey nìteng "Like you, I too am waiting" (AMFP).

tut [nɪ.ˈtut] (Adv) continually.

txan [nɪ.ˈtʼan] (Adv) very much. ► oe new nìtxan ayngaru fyawìvintxu "I want very much to guide you" (AMFP); ngaru irayo seiyi oe nìtxan [I thank you very much] ([68] Jan 20).

win [nɪ.ˈwin] (Adv) fast.

wotx [nɪ.ˈwotʼ] (Adv) all (of), completely, in toto. ► Ayftozä [sic!] lefpom ayngaru nìwotx! "Happy Holidays to You All!" (OoOA); Ayeylanur oeyä sì eylanur lì’fyayä leNa’vi nìwotx "To all my friends and friends of the Na’vi language" (AMFP).

zawnong [nɪ.ˈzaw.noŋ] (Adv) safely.

nong [noŋ] (V) follow, proceed after.

nulkrr [nul.ˈkr̩ː] (Adv) longer (time).

nul·new [nul.ˈnɛw] (V) prefer, would rather. ► ke lu kawtu a nulnivew oe pohu tireapivängkxo "There's nobody I'd rather commune with" (Lemondrop).

nume [ˈnu.mɛ] (V) learn. ► nume "learn" (CwT).

NG (= G) [ŋ]

nga [ŋa] (Pron) you (2nd person singluar). ► hu nga (or) ngahu "with you", Plltxe nga nìltsan! "You speak well!" (LL); Eywa ngahu "Eywa be with you" (FL).

  1. ngal [ŋal] (Ergative:) you. ► Ngal oeyä ’upxaret … fpole’ [You have sent my message] ([69] Jan 20).
  2. ngeyä [ŋɛ.jæ] (Genitive:) your. ► ngeyä fahew akewong "your alien smell" (TO); tawskìp ngeyä "your ship [= space ship]" (UGO).
  3. ngaru [ŋa.ɾu] (or) ngar [ŋa.ɾ] (Dative:) to you. ► Ngaru lu fpom srak? "Do you have a sense of well-being?" (VF); Fyape fko syaw ngar? "What's your name?" [lit.: How does one call (to) you?] (Reflexives).
  4. ngati [ŋa.ti] (Accusative:) you. ► Oel ngati kameie "I See you" (UGO).
  5. ngari [ŋa.ɾi] (Topic:) you, as for you. ► pxan livu txo nì’aw oe ngari "only if I am worthy of you" (ASG, Hunt Song).

ngawng [ŋawŋ] (N) worm (zool.).

ngay [ŋaj] (Adj) true. ► oeyä txe’lan livu ngay "let my heart be true" (ASG, Hunt Song).

ngenga [ŋɛ.ˈŋa] (Pron) you (2nd person singular, honorific form);nga. ► ([70]).

ngim [ŋim] (Adv) long (about space). ► ngima kilvan (or) kilvan angim "long river" (LL).

ngop [ŋop] (V) create. ► "ngop 'create'" (Auxilary verb SI).

O [o]

oe [ˈo.ɛ] (Pron) I (1st person singular). ► livu win sì txur oe zene "I must be fast and strong" (ASG, Hunt Song); tsun oe ngahu nìNa’vi pivängkxo "[I am] able to chat with you in Na’vi" (TO).

  1. oel [o.ɛl] (Ergative:) I. ► Oel ngati kameie "I See you" (UGO); Katot täftxu oel "I weave the rhythm" (ASG, Weaving Song); oel pot ke spaw "I don't believe him" ([71] Jan 21).
  2. oeyä [o.ɛ.jæ] (Genitive:) my. ► Oeyä swizaw … oeyä tukrul … oeyä txe’lan … "My arrow … my spear … my heart." (ASG, Hunt Song); ma oeyä eylan "my friends" (AMFP).
  3. oeru [o.ɛ.ɾu] (or) oer [o.ɛɾ] (Dative:) to me. ► oeru prrte’ lu "it's a pleasure [to me]" (TO); layu oeru ye’rin sìltsana fmawn "I will soon have good news" (AMFP); fpole’ ayngal oer a ’upxaret "[I have heard] the message you sent me" (AMFP); Nga yawne lu oer "I love you" ([72] Jan 21); Oeru syaw fko … "My name is …" [lit.: They call (to) me …] (Reflexives).
  4. oeti [o.ɛ.ti] (Accusative:) me. ► Spivaw oeti rutxe "Please believe me (AMFP).
  5. oeri [o.ɛ.ɾi] (Topic:) I, as for me. ► oeri "I-TOP" (LL).

oeng [o.ɛŋ] (Pron) we, you and I, the two of us (1st person dual inclusive). ► oeng ’awsiteng mivakto "let's [= let the two of us] ride together" (Lemondrop).

  1. oengal [o.ɛ.ŋal] (Ergative:) we, the two of us. ► oeng ([73] Jan 21).
  2. oengati [o.ɛ.ŋa.ti] (or) oengat [o.ɛ.ŋat] (Accusative:) us, the two of us. ► oengat(i) ([74] Jan 21).

oeyk [o.ˈɛjk] (N) cause. ► related to taweyk(a) "because"; see also lun and talun(a) (Some Conjunctions and Adverbs).

oeyktìng [o.ˈɛjk.tɪŋ] (N) explain (why).

ohe [ˈo.hɛ] (Pron) I (1st person singular; deferential or ceremonial form);oe. ► ([75]).

‹ol› [o.l] (Inf 1) to indicate perfective aspect <PFV>. ► tolaron "have hunted" (LL); Neytiril yerikit tolaron "Neytiri hunted a hexapede" (MSNBC).

olo’ [oloɁ] (N) clan.

olo’eyktan [o.loɁ.ˈɛjk.tan] (N) clan leader.

Omatikaya [omati.ˈka.ja] (NP) the Omaticaya clan of the Na'vi.

omum [ˈo.mum] (Vtr) know. ► omum oel futa … "I know that …" (AMFP). Accenting of this word is unclear. The ASG gives it on the first syllable, AMFP gives it on the last.

ontu [ˈon.tu] (N) nose. ► ontu "nose" (LL).

P [p]

pa’li [ˈpaɁ.li] (N) direhorse (zool.).

pak [pak] (Part) particle for disparagement.

palulukan [ˈpa.lu.ˈlu.kan] (N) thanator (zool.).

pam [pam] (N) sound.

pamrel [pam.ˈɾεl] (N) writing.

pamrel si [pam.ˈɾεl si] (V) write. ► Furia nì’Ìnglìsì pamrel sivi, oeru txoa livu "I'm sorry for writing in English" forum post.

pamtseo [ˈpam.ʦε.o] (N) music. ► "pamtseo = music", "pamtseotu = musician" ([76]).

pamtseotu [ˈpam.ʦε.o.tu] (N) musician. ► "pamtseotu = musician" ([77]).

pate [ˈpa.tɛ] (V) get to a place, arrive.

pawm [pawm] (V) ask.

hem [ˈpæ.hɛm] (Vin) arrive. ► ke pamähängem kea tì’eyng "no answer has arrived" (AMFP).

nutìng [ˈpæ.nutɪŋ] (V) promise (a thing to someone).

pängkxo [pæŋ.ˈkʼo] (Vin) chat, converse, have a conversation. ► tsun oe ngahu nìNa’vi pivängkxo "[I am] able to chat with you in Na’vi" (TO); pängkxo "chat, converse" (CwT).

tsi [ˈpæ.ʦi] (N) badge.

pe+ [pε] (M+) what (connected to a noun).

pe’un [ˈpε.Ɂun] (Vtr) decide. ► tsakrr paye’un sweya fya’ot "then I will decide the best way" (AMFP).

pefya [pε.ˈfja] (Q) how (alternative form: fyape).

pehem [pε.ˈhεm] (Q) what (action) (alternative form: kempe).

pehrr [pε.ˈhr̩ː] (Q) when (time) (alternative form: krrpe).

pelun [pε.ˈlun] (Q) why (alternative form: lumpe).Fìtxon na ton alahe nìwotx pelun ke lu teng? [Why is this night not the same like all other nights?] (Why is).

peng [pɛŋ] (Vtr) tell, inform. ► ayngaru payeng "I will let you know" (AMFP). Takes futa for report clause, new oe mengaru piveng futa ... forum post.

peseng [pɛ.ˈsɛŋ] (Q) where (alternative form: tsengpe).

pesu [pɛ.ˈsu] (Q) who (alternative form: tupe).

peu [pɛ.ˈu] (Pron) what (thing) (alternative form: ’upe). ► "The other form [of ’upe] is peu, stress on the second." ([78] Jan 21).

pey [pɛj] (V) wait, wait for. ► tìfyawìntxuri oeyä perey aynga nìwotx "you are all waiting for my guidance" (AMFP); oe perey "I am waiting" (AMFP); oe tsun pivey [I can wait] (CwT).

peyä [pɛjæ] (Pron) his/her (3st person singular). ► peyä "his" (LL).

piak si [pi.ˈak si] (Vin) open.

pizayu [ˈpi.za.ju] (N) ancestor.

plltxe [pl̩ː.ˈtʼɛ] (V) speak (imperfective form: poltxe [< *pollltxe]).Plltxe nga nìltsan! "You speak well!" (LL); Oe new pivlltxe (or:) Oel new futa pivlltxe [I want to speak] (CwT); Poltxe Eytukan … "Eytukan said …" ([79] Jan 21).

po [po] (Pron) he/she (3rd person singular).pohu "with [whom]" (Lemondrop); Tivìran po ayoekip … "Let her walk among us …" ([80] Jan 09).

  1. poru [po.ɾu] (Dative:) to him/her. ► lu poru mesyal a ikran [an ikran, who has two wings (lit.: to whom are …) ] ([81] Feb 18).
  2. pot [pot] (Accusative:) him/her. ► oel pot ke spaw "I don't believe him" ([82] Jan 21).

poan [po.ˈan] (Pron) he (3rd person singular masculine).

poe [po.ˈɛ] (Pron) she (3rd person singular feminine).

pom [pom] (V) kiss.

pongu [ˈpo.ŋu] (N) group of people, party.

prrnen [ˈpr̩ː.nεn] (N) infant, baby. ► (MND).

prrnesyul [ˈpr̩ː.nε.sjul] (N) bud (of a flower). ► (MND).

prrte’ [pr̩ː.tεɁ] (N) pleasure. ► oeru prrte’ lu … "it's a pleasure [to me] …" (TO).

pukap [ˈpu.kap] (Num) six. ► (Numerals).

puvol [ˈpu.vol] (Num) (octal:) 60 (= decimal: 48). ► (Numerals).

PX [pʼ]

pxan [pʼan] (Adj) worthy. ► pxan livu txo nì’aw oe ngari "only if I am worthy of you" (ASG, Hunt Song).

pxasìk [ˈpʼa.sɪk] (Idiom) Screw that! No way! (vulgar).pxasik [sic!] "screw that!" (UGO); pxasìk "Screw it! No way!" (Lemondrop).

pxasul [ˈpʼa.sul] (Adj) fresh, appealing as food.

pxaw [pʼaw] (Adp–) around.

pxay [pʼaj] (Adj) many.

pxe+ [pʼɛ] (M+) trial marker. ► pxeveng [< pxe+ + ’eveng] ([83] Jan 20); pxesìpawm(ìri) [three questions] (Numerals).

pxefo [pʼɛ.fo] (Pron) they (= the three of them) (3st person trial). ► ([84]).

pxel [pʼɛl] (Adp–) like, as.

pxenga [pʼɛ.ŋa] (Pron) you (= the three of you) (2st person trial). ► ([85]).

pxengenga [pʼɛŋɛŋa] (Pron) you (= the three of you) (2st person trial; deferential or ceremonial form);pxenga. ► ([86]).

pxevol [ˈpʼɛ.vol] (Num) (octal:) 30 (= decimal: 24). ► (Numerals).

pxey [pʼɛj] (Num) three. ► (Numerals).

pxi [pʼi] (Adj) sharp.

pxìm [pʼɪm] (Adv) often. ► Nga za’u fìtseng pxìm srak? "Do you come here often?" (Lemondrop).

pxoe [pʼo.ɛ] (Pron) we (= the three of us) (1st person trial exclusive). ► ([87]).

pxoeng [pʼo.ɛŋ] (Pron) we (= the three of us) (1st person trial inclusive). ► ([88]).

pxohe [pʼo.hɛ] (Pron) we (= the three of us) (1st person trial exclusive; deferential or ceremonial form);pxoe. ► The inclusive form is ohe mengengasì [I and (the two of) you] ([89]).

pxor [pʼoɾ] (Vin) explode.

pxun [pʼun] (N) arm.

pxuntil [ˈpʼun.til] (N) elbow.

R [ɾ]

-r [ɾ] (M) dative suffix (in case of the word ending on a vowel) [allomorphs: -ru, -ur ]. ► fpole’ ayngal oer a ’upxaret "[I have heard] the message you have sent me" (AMFP); Eytukanìl Neytirir yerikit teykolaron "Eytukan made Neytiri hunt a hexapede" ([90] Feb 17).

ral [ɾal] (N) meaning.

ral·peng [ɾal.ˈpεŋ] (V) interpret.

rawke [ɾaw.kε] (Idiom) alarm cry, call to defense.

’ä [ɾæ.ˈɁæ] (Part) to form a negative imperative. ► txopu rä’ä si "don't be afraid" (from the film).

rel [ɾɛl] (N) image, picture. ► "rel = image, picture" ([91]).

reltseo [ˈɾɛl.ʦɛ.o] (N) visual art. ► "reltseo = visual art" ([92]).

reltseotu [ˈɾɛl.ʦɛ.o.tu] (N) artist. ► "reltseotu = artist" ([93]).

renu [ˈɾɛ.nu] (N) pattern.

rey [ɾɛj] (Vin) live. ► Txo new nga rivey, oehu! "Come with me, if you want to live!" (UGO); ke rey a tute "person who doesn't live / isn't alive" ([94]).

-ri [ɾi] (M) topic suffix (in case of the word ending on a vowel) [allomorph: -ìri ]. ► oeri "I-TOP" (LL), pxan livu txo nì’aw oe ngari "only if I am worthy of you" (ASG, Hunt Song).

rikx [ɾikʼ] (Vin) move, shift position.

rim [ɾim] (Adj) yellow. ► Katot taftxu oel nìean nìrim "I weave the rhythm in yellow and blue [lit.: blue and yellow]" (ASG, Weaving Song).

rina’ [ɾi.ˈnaɁ] (N) seed.

riti [ˈɾi.ti] (N) stingbat (zool.).

ro [ɾo] (Adp+) at (purely locative). ► As in ro fäpa "at the top", ro helku "at home" post.

rol [ɾol] (V) sing. ► rerol ayoe "we are singing" (ASG, Hunt Song).

-ru [ɾu] (M) dative suffix (in case of the word ending on a vowel) [allomorphs: -r, -ur ]. ► layu oeru ye’rin sìltsana fmawn "I will soon have good news" (AMFP); ayngaru seiyi irayo "I thank you" (AMFP).

run [ɾun] (Vtr) find, discover. ► ... Prrton a kxeyeyti rolun "... Prrton, who found the mistake" ([95]).

rutxe [ɾu.ˈtʼɛ] (Idiom) please. ► Spivaw oeti rutxe "Please believe me" (AMFP).

S [s]

sa’nok [ˈsaɁ.nok] (N) mother.

sa’nu [saɁ.nu] (N) mommy.

salew [sa.ˈlɛw] (V) proceed, go.

san [san] (M–) to indicate the beginning of a quote; if the speaker continues to say something after the end of the cited phrase, the quote has to be concluded using sìk. ► Poltxe Eytukan san oe kayä sìk, slä oel pot ke spaw "Eytukan said he would go [lit.: Eytukan said <QUOTE.IN> I will go <QUOTE.OUT>], but I don't believe him" ([96] Jan 21).

sar [saɾ] (Vtr) use. ► tsat sayar oel nìltsan "I will use it well" (Sar, Fìtxan).

sawtutetawtute.

fpìl [sæ.ˈfpɪl] (N) idea, thought. ► txantsana aysäfpìl "excellent ideas" (Tag Question).

nume [sæ.ˈnu.mɛ] (N) teaching, instruction. ► sänume "teaching, instruction" (CwT).

spxin [sæ.ˈspʼin] (N) disease, sickness (in contrast to ↑ tìspxin). ► (MND).

sempu [ˈsεm.pu] (N) daddy.

sempul [ˈsεm.pul] (N) father.

set [sɛt] (Adv) now. ► awpot [< ’awpot?] set ftxey ayngal "choose one [now]" (ASG, Hunt Song); vay set "up to now" (AMFP); ’Awa tìpawmìri ’iveyng oe set; aylari zusawkrr ’ayeyng. [Let me answer one of the questions now; the others I will answer in the future.] (Numerals).

sevin [sɛ.ˈvin] (Adj) pretty (used only for people, Na’vi or humans). ► sevin "pretty" (in contrast to ↑ lor) (LL).

seyri [ˈsɛj.ɾi] (N) lip.

seze [ˈsɛ.zɛ] (N) blue flower (botan.)

si [si] (V) make, do (to use only as a copulative verb together with a noun or adjective).[kato] oeru teya si "[the rhythm] fills me" (ASG, Weaving Song); ayngaru seiyi irayo "I thank you", tìkangkem s(iv)i "work"; (AMFP).

sim [sim] (Vin) near (= be near).

sì | -sì [sɪ] (Conj) and (also enclitic: A Bsì = A sì B; not to connect sentences,ulte).[kato] trrä sì txonä, sì ayzìsìtä kato, sì ’ekong te’lanä … "[the rhythm] of night and day, the rhythm of the years, and the beat of the hearts …" (ASG, Weaving Song); Lu nga win sì txur "You are fast and strong" (ASG, Hunt Song); Ayeylanur oeyä sì eylanur lì’fyayä leNa’vi nìwotx "To all my friends and friends of the Na’vi language" (AMFP); [zam(iv)unge oel ayngar] aylì’ut horentisì lì’fyayä leNa’vi "[I bring you] the words and the rules of Na’vi" (AMFP); ’eylan karyusì anygeyä "your friend and teacher" (AMFP).

sìk [sɪk] (M–) to conclude a cited phrase, ↑ san.

sìl·pey [sɪl.ˈpɛj] (V) hope. ► Sìlpey oe, layu oeru ye’rìn sìltsana fmawn "I hope, I will soon have good news" (AMFP).

sìlronsem [sɪl.ˈɾon.sɛm] (Adj) clever, smart (thing).

sìltsan [sɪl.ˈʦan] (Adj) good. ► sìltsana fmawn "good news" (AMFP).

sìn [sɪn] (Adp–) on, onto (?).

sìpawmtìpawm.

sìreytìrey.

ska’a [ska.ˈɁa] (Vtr) destroy. ► Hetuwongìl awngeyä swotut ska’a "The aliens destroy our sacred place" ([97]).

skxawng [skʼawŋ] (N) moron, idiot. ► skxawng "moron" (UGO).

skxom [skʼom] (N) chance, oppertunity.

slä [slæ] (Conj) but. ► Slä nìawnomum "But as you know" (AMFP); Poltxe Eytukan san oe kayä sìk, slä oel pot ke spaw "Eytukan said he would go, but I don't believe him" ([98] Jan 21).

slu [slu] (V) become. ► "slu = 'become'" ([99] Jan 21); Oeyä ikran slivu nga "Be my ikran" (Lemondrop); X nìNa’vi slu ’upe? "How do you say X in Na’vi?" [lit.: In Na’vi X becomes what?] ([100] Jan 21).

snumìna [ˈsnu.mɪ.na] (Adj) dim (of a person).

sngä’i [ˈsŋæ.Ɂi] (Vin) begin, start (something is beginning). ► The transitive version is formed using the causative infix: Oel sngeykolä’i tìkangkemit "I began the work" ([101] Feb 15).

sngä’ikrr [ˈsŋæ.Ɂi.kr̩ː] (N) beginning, start time.

sngap [sŋap] (Vtr) sting.

sngel [sŋɛl] (N) garbage.

sngeltseng [sŋɛl.ʦɛŋ] (N) garbage dump. ► "Sngeltseng means garbage dump." (UGO).

sokxtokx.

som [som] (Adj) hot.

sop [sop] (Vin) travel.

spaw [spaw] (Vtr + accusative of the person) believe. ► Spivaw oeti rutxe "Please believe me" (AMFP); oel pot ke spaw "I don't believe him" ([102] Jan 21).

spä [spæ] (Vin) jump.

spe’e [spɛ.ˈɁɛ] (Vtr) capture.

spe’etu [spɛ.ˈɁɛ.tu] (N) captive.

speng [spɛŋ] (V) restore.

spule [ˈspu.lɛ] (Vtr) propel.

spxin [spʼin] (Adj) sick. ► (MND).

srak [sɾak] (or) srake [ˈsɾa.kɛ] (M) to indicate a yes-no-question. ► Ngaru lu fpom srak? "Do you have a sense of well-being?" (VF); Nga za’u fìtseng pxìm srak? "Do you come here often?" (Lemondrop).

sransrane.

srane [ˈsɾa.nɛ] (Idiom) yes. ► Nga tsap’alute soli srak? – Srane, soli. [Did you apologize? – Yes, I did.] (Auxilary verb SI); colloquial form: sran "yeah".

sre [sɾɛ] (Adp+) before (time).

srekrr [sɾε.kr̩ː] (Adv) before (time).

srese’a [sɾɛ.sɛ.ˈɁa] (V) prophesy, predict.

srew [sɾɛw] (Vin) dance.

srung [sɾuŋ] (N) help, assistance.

srung si [sɾuŋ si] (Vin) help.

stawm [stawm] (Vtr) hear. ► ’upxaret stolawm oel "I have heard the message" (AMFP).

steftxaw [stɛ.ˈftʼaw] (Vtr) examine, check.

steyki [stɛj.ˈki] (Vtr) anger, make (someone) angry.

sti [sti] (Vin) angry (= be angry).

sto [sto] (V) refuse (to do something).

stum [stum] (Adv) almost.

sung [suŋ] (Vtr) add.

sutetute.

sutx [sutʼ] (Vtr) track, follow, lock up.

swaw [swaw] (N) moment.

swey [swɛj] (Adj) best (↔ ’e’al).paye’un sweya fya’ot "I will decide the best way" (AMFP); "'Best' is simply swey" ([103] Dec 20).

swi [swi.ˈɾæ] (N) creature.

swizaw [swi.ˈzaw] (N) arrow. ► Oeyä swizaw … "[Let] my arrow …" (ASG, Hunt Song).

swok [swok] (Adj) sacred.

swotu [ˈswo.tu] (N) sacred place. ► Hetuwongìl awngeyä swotut ska’a "The aliens destroy our sacred place" ([104]).

syaltsyal.

syaw [sjaw] (Vin) call, name. ► Fyape fko syaw ngar? "What is your name?" (lit.: How does one call (to) you?), Oeru syaw fko Neytiri "My name is Neytiri", the subject fko may be omitted: Oeru syaw Tseyk "My name is Jake" (RaN).

syep [sjεp] (Vtr) trap.

syulang [ˈsju.laŋ] (N) flower. ► (MND).

T [t]

-t [t] (M) accusative suffix (in case of the word ending on a vowel) [allomorphs: -ti, -it ]. ► Katot täftxu oel "I weave the rhythm" (ASG, Weaving Song); ’upxaret stolawm oel "I have heard the message" (AMFP); paye’un sweya fya’ot "I will decide the best way" (AMFP).

ta [ta] (Adp–) from (different usages). ► oeri ta peyä fahew ontu teya l(äng)u "my nose is full from his smell"; Markusì ta Ngalwey "Markus from Galway" (AMFP); Ta ’eylan karyusì anygeyä, Pawl "[This letter comes from] your friend and teacher, Paul" (AMFP).

ta’em [ta.ˈɁɛm] (Adv) from above.

tafkip [ta.ˈfkip] (Adp–) from up among.

tafral [ta.fɾal] (Adv) therefore, because of that. ► (Some Conjunctions and Adverbs).

takip [ta.ˈkip] (Adp–) from among.

takuk [ˈta.kuk] (Vtr) strike, hit one's target. ► Oeyä swizaw nìngay tivakuk, oeyä tukrul txe’lanit tivakuk, oeri tìngayìl txe’lanit tivakuk "Let my arrow strike true, let my spear strike the heart, let the thruth strike my heart" (ASG, Hunt Song).

talioang [ˈtal.i.ˈo.aŋ] sturmbeast (zool.).

talun [ta.ˈlun] (or) taluna [ta.ˈlun.a] (Conj) because. ► (Some Conjunctions and Adverbs).

tam [tam] (Vin) suffice, "do"; (Idiom) All right! OK! ► Tsun tivam [It's ok; lit.: It is able to do it] (Ok).

tan [tan.ˈhɪ] (N) star.

tangek [ˈtaŋ.ɛk] (N) trunk (of a tree).

taron [ˈta.ɾon] (Vtr) hunt. ► taron "hunt" (LL); Neytiril yerikit tolaron "Neytiri hunted a hexapede" (MSNBC).

taronyu [ˈta.ɾon.ju] (N) hunter.

taw [taw] (N) sky. ► "Tawsìp is actually 'sky ship'" (UGO); "a single human is known among the Na’vi as a Sky Person, or tawtute" (MSNBC).

taweyk [ta.ˈwɛjk] (or) taweyka [ta.ˈwɛjk.a] (Conj) because. ► (Some Conjunctions and Adverbs).

tawng [tawŋ] (Vin) dive, duck.

tawsìp [ˈtaw.sɪp] (N) spaceship. ► "Tawsìp is actually 'sky ship', the term they would use for a space vehicle." (UGO).

tawtute [ˈtaw.tu.tɛ] (N) human (lit.: 'sky person'; short plural: sawtute). ► "a single human is known among the Na’vi as a Sky Person, or tawtute, while the plural (Sky People) is aysawtute or simply sawtute" (MSNBC).

ftxu [tæ.ˈftʼu] (Vtr) weave. ► Katot täftxu oel "I weave the rhythm" (ASG, Weaving Song).

ftxuyu [tæ.ˈftʼu.ju] (N) weaver.

txaw [tæ.ˈtʼaw] (Vin) return. ► maw hìkrr ayoe tìyätxaw "we will return after a short time" (Zenke).

te [tε] (Part) a particle used in full names.

te’lantxe’lan.

tel [tεl] (Vtr) receive. ► tì'eyngit oel tolel a krr "when I receive an answer" (AMFP).

telem [tε.ˈlεm] (N) cord.

tem [tεm] (Vin) shoot. ► See also toltem.

teng [tεŋ] (Adj) equal, same. ► Fìtxon na ton alahe nìwotx pelun ke lu teng? [Why is this night not the same like all other nights?] (Why is).

tengfya [ˈtεŋ.fja] (Conj) as (= same way as).

tengkrr [tεŋ.ˈkr̩ː] (Conj) while (= same time as).

teri [tε.ˈɾi] (Adp–) about, concerning. ► "teri (stress on 2nd) = about, concerning (ADP–)" (Vocabulary and <iyev>).

terkup [ˈtεɾ.kup] (Vin) die.

teswotìng [tε.ˈswo.tɪŋ] (V) grant.

tewti [ˈtɛw.ti] (Idiom) expression of (pleasant) surprise: Wow! ► Tewti, ma Prrton! "Wow, Prrton!" (LL).

teya [tɛ.ˈja] (Adj) full (ta … – of …). ► Oeri ta peyä fahew (…) ontu teya längu. "My nose is full of his smell" (LL).

teya si [tɛ.ˈja si] (Vin + dative) fill, make full. ► [kato] oeru teya si "[the rhythm] fills me" (ASG, Weaving Song).

teylu [ˈtɛj.lu] (N) beetle larva(e) (zool.; acc.: teylut).Oe new yivom teylut "I want to eat teylu" ([105] Jan 20).

-ti [ti] (M) accusative suffix (in case of the word ending on a vowel) [allomorphs: -t, -it ]. ► Oel ngati kameie "I See you" (UGO); Spivaw oeti rutxe "Please believe me" (AMFP).

til [til] (N) joint, hinge.

tirea [ti.ˈɾɛ.a] (N) spirit.

tireafya’o [ti.ˈɾɛ.a.ˈfja.Ɂo] (N) spirit path.

tireaioang [ti.ˈɾɛ.a.i.ˈo.aŋ] (N) spirit animal (Na’vi culture).Ngeyä Tireaioang zola’u a krr, law layu nagru "When your Spirit Animal comes, you will know" (Krr).

tirea·pängkxo [tiɾɛ.a.pæŋ.ˈkʼo] (V) commune (about intimate contact).ke lu kawtu a nulnivew oe pohu tireapivängkxo "There's nobody I'd rather commune with" (Lemondrop).

tì- [tɪ] (M–) to turn adjectives or verbs into abstract nouns. ► tìftia "the study" (SciMag); tìngay "truth" (ASG, Hunt Song); tìfyawìntxu(ri) "guidance" (AMFP).

’eyng [tɪ.ˈɁɛjŋ] (N) answer, response. ► ke pamähängem kea tì’eyng "no answer has arrived" (AMFP).

fmetok [tɪ.ˈfmɛ.tok] (N) test.

ftang [[tɪ.ˈftaŋ] (N) stopping.

tìftia [tɪ.fti.ˈa] (N) study. ► tìftia kifkeyä "the study of the physical world ['science']" (SciMag).

ftxey [tɪ.ˈftʼɛj] (N) choice. ► Lu ngeyä tìftxey [It's your choice] ([106] Jan 21).

tìfyawìntxu [tɪ.fja.wɪn.ˈtʼu] (N) guidance. ► tìfyawìntxuri oeyä perey aynga nìwotx "you are all waiting for my guidance" (AMFP).

hawnu [tɪ.ˈhaw.nu] (N) protection.

kangkem [tɪ.ˈkaŋ.kɛm] (N) work.

kangkem si [tɪ.ˈkaŋ.kɛm si] (Vin) work. ► zene oe ’awsiteng tìkangkem sivi fohu … "I must work together with those …" (AMFP).

kawng [tɪ.ˈkawŋ] (N) evil.

kenong [tɪ.ˈkɛ.noŋ] (N) example.

kin [tɪ.ˈkin] (N) need.

law [tɪ.ˈlaw] (N) clarification (?). ► tìlaw ta Prrton "clarification (?) by Prrton" (Some Conjunctions and Adverbs).

tìng [tɪŋ] (V) give. ► fmawn a tsun oe ayngaru tivìng "news to give you [= news, which I can give you]" (AMFP); "tìng 'give'" ([107] Dec 31).

  1. tìng mikyun [tɪm ˈmik.jun] (V) listen.
  2. tìng nari [tɪn ˈna.ɾi] (V) listen. ► Tìng nari nekll "See below" ([108]).
  3. tìng tseng [tɪŋ ʦɛŋ] (Vin) back down.

ngay [tɪ.ˈŋaj] (N) truth. ► oeri tìngayìl txe’lanit tivakuk "Let the truth strike my heart" (ASG, Hunt Song).

pawm [tɪ.ˈpawm] (N) question (short plural: sìpawm).Sìpawmìri oe ngaru seiyi irayo [I thank you for your questions] ([109] Jan 19).

ran [tɪ.ˈɾan] (Vin) walk. ► Terìran ayoe "We are walking" (ASG, Hunt Song); Tivìran po ayoekip … "Let her walk among us …" ([110] Jan 09).

rey [tɪ.ˈɾɛj] (N) life (short plural: sìrey).’ìheyu sìreyä "the spiral of the lives" (ASG, Weaving Song); mì oeyä letrra tìrey "in my daily life" (CwT).

rol [tɪ.ˈɾol] (N) song.

spxin [tɪ.ˈspʼin] (N) sickness (= the state of being ill; in contrast to ↑ säspxin). ► (MND).

sraw seyki [tɪ.ˈsɾaw sɛj.ˈki] (Vtr) hurt (someone or something).

sraw si [tɪ.ˈsɾaw si] (Vin) hurt, be painful.

tìsteftxaw [tɪ.stɛ.ˈftʼaw] (N) examination. ► Tìsteftxaw ngeyä flolä nìltsan! [Your examination succeeded well!] ([111] Jan 20).

taron [tɪ.ˈta.ɾon] (N) (the) hunting. ► Tìtaron lu lehrrap "Hunting is dangerous" [Your examination succeeded well!] ([112] Jan 20).

yawn [tɪ.ˈjawn] (N) love. ► Lì’fyari leNa’vi oel ’efu ayngeyä tìyawnit "I feel your love for the Na’vi language" (AMFP).

to [to] (M–) comparative marker: than. ► po to oe lu sìltsan "she is better than I" (Adjective Comparatives).

tok [tok] (Vtr) be at, occupy a space.

toktor [ˈtok.toɾ] (N) doctor.

tokx [tokʼ] (N) body (short plural: sokx). ► tokx "body", sokx "bodies" (LL).

toltem [tol.ˈtɛm] (Vtr) shoot. ► See also tem.

tompa [ˈtom.pa] (N) rain. ► Tompayä kato, tsawkeyä kato … "The rhythm of rain and sun …" (ASG, Weaving Song).

tontxon.

toruk [ˈto.ɾuk] (N) great leonopteryx (zool.).

  1. Toruk makto [ˈto.ɾuk ˈmak.to] (NP) Rider of the last shadow (legendary hero of the Na’vi). ► According to the grammar rules it should be "maktoyu", but this is an exeption, and doesn't follow the normal rules. ([113]).

trr [tr̩ː] (N) day. ► [kato] trrä sì txonä "[the rhythm] of night and day [lit.: day and night]" (ASG, Weaving Song); oe tsun pivey trrit a … [I can wait for the day, that …] (CwT).

-tu [tu] (M) ending to turn all parts of speech other than verbs into the doer (agent); see also -yu. ► "reltseotu = artist" ([114]).

tukru [tuk.ˈɾu] (N) spear. ► oeyä tukrul txe’lanit tivakuk "let my spear strike the heart" (ASG, Hunt Song).

tupe [ˈtu.pɛ] (Q) who (alternative form: pesu).

tut [tut] (Part) particle of continuation. ► Oeru syaw fko Neytiri. Ngaru tut? "My name is Neytiri. And how about you?" (RaN).

tute [ˈtu.tɛ] (N) person (short plural: sute).tute "person" (LL).

tutan [tu.ˈtan] (N) male person.

tute [tu.ˈtɛ] (N) female person. ► tute "female person" (LL).

TX [tʼ]

txan [tʼan] (Adj) great (in quantity), much.

txantsan [ˈtʼan.ʦan] (Adj) excellent. ► "txantsan = excellent" (Fused -iv-infixes); Reltseotu atxantsan lu nga! [You are an excellent artist!] ([115]).

txantslusam [ˈtʼan.ʦlu.sam] (Adj) wise, much-knowing. ► lu nga txantslusam "you are wise" (ASG, Hunt Song).

txe’lan [tʼɛɁ.ˈlan] (N) heart (short plural: te’lan).sì ’ekong te’lanä, te’lanä le-Na’vi … "and the beat of the hearts, hearts of the people" (ASG, Weaving Song).

txele [ˈtʼɛ.lɛ] (N) matter (subject). ► lu awngar aytele apxay a teri sa'u pivlltxe "we have many matters to talk about" (Tag Question).

txen [tʼɛn] (Adj) awake.

txep [tʼɛp] (N) fire.

txey [tʼɛj] (V) halt.

txìm [tʼɪm] (N) butt, ass, rear end.

txìng [tʼɪŋ] (V) leave, abandon.

txo [tʼo] (Conj) if (… tsakrr – … then). ► In case of factual conditions (realis) the predicate of the conditional sentence is in the indicative mood: Txo new nga rivey, oehu! "Come with me, if you want to live!" (UGO); in case of hypothetical conditions (potentialis [and irrealis?]) the predicate of the conditional sentence is in the subjunctive mood: pxan livu txo nì’aw oe ngari, tsakrr … "only if I am worthy of you, [then] …" (ASG, Hunt Song).

txoa [ˈtʼo.a] (N) forgiveness.

txokefyaw [ˈtʼo.kε.fjaw] (Conj) if not, or else, otherwise.

txon [tʼon] (N) night (short plural: ton).[kato] trrä sì txonä "[the rhythm] of night and day [lit.: day and night]" (ASG, Weaving Song); Txon lefpom (livu ngar) "(It may be to you a) good night" ([116] Jan 31); Fìtxon na ton alahe nìwotx pelun ke lu teng? [Why is this night not the same like all other nights?] (Why is).

txopu [ˈtʼo.pu] (N) fear.

txula [ˈtʼu.la] (V) build, construct. ► "txula (stress on 1st) 'built, construct'" (Auxilary verb SI).

txum [tʼum] (N) poison.

txur [tʼuɾ] (Adj) strong. ► Lu nga win sì txur "You are fast and strong" (ASG, Hunt Song).

TS (= C) [ʦ]

tsa [ʦa] (Pron) it (inanimate). ► "For inanimate it you shouldn't use po but rather tsa; Oel tsìme’a tsenget a tsane po karmä. "I didn't see (the place), that she was going to" ([117]).

tsa’u [ˈʦa.Ɂu] (Pron) that (thing).

Tsahìk [ˈʦa.hɪk] (NP) Tsahik, matriarch.

tsakem [ˈʦa.kɛm] (or) tsakem [ʦa.ˈkɛm] (Pron) that (action); (plural: tsahem). ► tsakem rä’ä sivi aylaheru "don’t do that action (don’t act that (way)) to others" (GMA).

tsakrr [ʦa.ˈkr̩ː] (N) that time; (Adv) at that time, then (txo … tsakrr – if … then). ► pxan livu txo nì’aw oe ngari, tsakrr … "only if I am worthy of you, [then] …" (ASG, Hunt Song); tsakrr paye’un sweya fya’ot "I will then decide the best way" (AMFP). About krr being a noun used averbially see also (Krr noun vs. adverb).

tsam [ʦam] (N) war.

tsampongu [ˈʦam.po.ŋu] (N) war party.

tsamsiyu [ˈʦam.si.ju] (N) warrior.

tsap’alute [ʦap.ˈɁa.lutɛ] (N) apology. ► Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute sengi [< sängi?] oe "I apologize for this moron" (TO).

tsap’alute si [ʦap.ˈɁa.lutɛ si] (Vin) apologize. ► Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute sengi [< sängi?] oe "I apologize for this moron" (TO).

tsatu [ʦa.tu] (Pron) that person.

tsatseng [ʦa.ˈʦɛŋ] (or) tsatseng [ˈʦa.ʦɛŋ] (Adv) there, that place.

tsawke [ˈʦaw.kɛ] (N) sun. ► Tompayä kato, tsawkeyä kato … "The rhythm of rain and sun …" (ASG, Weaving Song).

tsawl [ʦawl] (Adj) big (in size or stature); tall.

tsä’ [ʦæɁ] (V) squirt.

tse [ʦɛ] (Idiom) Well... (As in "Well... you see, ...")

tse’a [ʦɛ.ˈɁa] (Vtr) see (physical sense).Oel tsìme’a tsenget a … "I didn't see (the place), where …" ([118]).

tseng [ʦɛŋ] (or) tsenge [ʦɛŋɛ] (N) place. ► Oel tsìme’a tsenget [tsenge-t] (or) tsengit [tseng-it] a … "I didn't see (the place), where …" ([119]).

tsengpe [ˈʦɛŋ.pɛ] (Q) where? (alternative form: peseng).

tseo [ˈʦɛ.o] (N) art. ► "tseo = art"; "reltseotu = artist" ([120]).

tsìng [ʦɪŋ] (Num) four. ► (Numerals).

tsìvol [ˈʦɪ.vol] (Num) (octal:) 40 (= decimal: 32). ► (Numerals).

tsko [ʦko] (N) bow (weapon).

  1. tsko swizaw bow and arrow.

tskxe [ʦkʼɛ] (N) rock, stone. ► Hetuwongìl awngeyä swotut ska’a, fte kllkivulat keruseya tskxet "The aliens destroy our sacred place to dig up dead rock" ([121]).

tskxekeng [ˈʦkʼɛ.kɛŋ] (N) training, exercise.

tslam [ʦlam] (Vtr) understand. ► Tslolam srak? "Did you get it?" (Reflexives).

tsleng [ʦlɛŋ] (Adj) false.

tsmuk [ʦmuk] (or) tsmuktu [ˈʦmuk.tu] (N) sibling.

tsmukan [ˈʦmu.kan] brother.

tsmuke [ˈʦmu.kɛ] sister.

tsnì [ʦnɪ] (Conj) that (introducing clauses after certain verbs).

tsngawvìk [ˈʦŋaw.vɪk] (Vin) cry, weep.

tspang [ʦpaŋ] (Vtr) kill.

tsranten [ˈʦɾan.tɛn] (Vin) matter, be of import(ance). ► ke tsranten [it doesn't matter] (Why is).

tsre’i [ˈʦɾɛ.Ɂi] (Vtr) throw.

tstu si [ʦtu si] (Vin) close.

tstxo [ʦtʼo] (N) name. ► "tstxo = name"; about "What's your name?"/"My name is …" see syaw (RaN).

tsun [ʦun] (Vin + subjunctive) be able, can. ► Tsun oe ngahu nìNa’vi pivängkxo a fì’u oeru prrte’ lu "It’s a pleasure to be able to chat with you in Na’vi" (TO); fmawn a tsun oe ayngaru tivìng "news to give you [= news, which I can give you]" (AMFP); Oe tsun kivä "I can go" (CwT).

tsurokx [ʦu.ˈɾokʼ] (V) rest.

tswayon [ˈʦwaj.on] (Vin) fly.

tsyal [ʦjal] (N) wing. ► mesyalhu a ikran "an ikran with two wings" ([122] Feb 18).

U [u]

ulte [ˈul.tɛ] (Conj) and (to connect sentences; in contrast tosì)Kìyevame ulte Eywa ngahu "See you again, and may Eywa be with you" (FL); Oel ayngati kameie, ma oeyä eylan, ulte ayngaru seiyi irayo "I see you, my friends, and I tha

ultxa [ul.ˈtʼa] (N) meeting.

unil [ˈu.nil] (N) dream.

Uniltaron [ˈu.nil.ˈta.ɾon] (N) Dream Hunt (Na’vi culture).fo a Uniltìrantokxit (…) zamolunge awngar "those who have brought us 'Avatar'" (AMFP).

uniltìrantokx [u.nil.tɪ.ˈɾan.tokʼ] (N) avatar (lit.: dreamwalker body).fo a Uniltìrantokxit (…) zamolunge awngar "those who have brought us 'Avatar'" (AMFP).

Uniltìranyu [unil.tɪ.ˈɾan.ju] (N) dreamwalker.

uo [ˈu.o] (Adp–) behind.

‹us› [u.s] (Inf pre-1) turns the verb into an active participle, which is connected with it's belonging noun using a- | -a. ► Palulukan atusaron lu lehrrap "A hunting thanator is dangerous" ([123]).

utral [ˈut.ɾal] (N) tree.

  1. 'Utral Aymokriyä [ˈut.ɾal aj.ˈmok.ɾi.jæ] (N) Tree of Voices. ► (Lemondrop).

-ur [uɾ] (M) dative suffix (in case of the word ending on a consonant) [allomorphs: -ur, -r ]. ► Ayeylanur oeyä sì eylanur lì’fyayä leNa’vi nìwotx "To all my friends and friends of the Na’vi language" (AMFP).

uvan [u.ˈvan] (N) game. ► (MND).

uvan si [u.ˈvan si] (Vin) play. ► (MND).

‹uy› [u.j] (Inf 2) to indicate formal speech <FORM>. ► tayaruyon "will hunt (and the speaker wants to say it in a formal way)" ([124]).

V [v]

vay [vaj] (Adp–) up to (several senses).vay set "up to now" (AMFP); "He counted up to 35", "Follow the river up to the land of destruction" ([125] Feb 01).

vaykrr [vaj.ˈkr̩ː] (Conj) until. ► "vaykrr (Conj): until" ([126] Feb 01).

vi [vi.ˈɾæ] (V) spread, proliferate.

vofu [vo.ˈfu] (Num) (octal:) 16 (= decimal: 14). ► (Numerals).

vohin [vo.ˈhin] (Num) (octal:) 17 (= decimal: 15). ► (Numerals).

vol [vol] (Num) (octal:) 10 (= decimal: 8). ► (Numerals).

vol+ [vol] (or) vo+ [vo] (M+) morpheme in numerals: before zam meaning "(octal) ten times …", otherwise meaning "(octal) ten and …". ► volaw, vomun, vopey, vosìng … [(octal) 11, 12, 13, 14, …], vozam, mevozam, pxevozam, … [(octal) 1000, 2000, 3000] (Numerals).

volaw [vol.ˈaw] (Num) (octal:) 11 (= decimal: 9). ► (Numerals).

vomun [vo.ˈmun] (Num) (octal:) 12 (= decimal: 10). ► (Numerals).

vozam [vo.zam] (Num) (octal:) 1000 (= decimal: 512). ► (Numerals).

vrrtep [ˈvr̩ː.tεp] (N) demon. ► Fayvrrtep fìtsenge lu kxanì "These demons are forbidden here" (TO).

vul [vul] (N) branch (of a tree).

W [w]

way [waj] (N) song.

waytelem [ˈwaj.tε.lεm] (N) songcord.

[wæ] (Adp+) against (as in: fight against).

weyn [wɛjn] (V) draw, illustrate.

win [win] (Adj) fast. ► Lu nga win sì txur "You are fast and strong" (ASG, Hunt Song).

wìntxu [wɪn.ˈtʼu] (V) show.

wrrpa [wr̩ː.pa] (N) outside; (Adv) outside.

wutso [ˈwu.ʦo] (N) dinner, served meal.

Y [j]

ya [ja] (N) air. ► (MND).

yawne [ˈjaw.nɛ] (Adj) beloved. ► "yawne means 'beloved'" ([127] Jan 20); Nga yawne lu oer "I love you" ([128] Jan 21).

-yä [jæ] (M) genitive suffix (in case of the word ending on a vowel) [allomorph: ]. ► Tompayä kato, tsawkeyä kato … "The rhythm of rain and sun …" (ASG, Weaving Song); eylanur lì’fyayä leNa’vi "to [all] friends of the Na’vi language" (AMFP); Utral Aymokriyä "Tree of Voices" (Lemondrop).

ye’rìn [ˈjɛɁ.ɾɪn] (Adv) soon. ► Sìlpey oe, layu oeru ye’rìn sìltsana fmawn "I hope, I will soon have good news" (AMFP).

yerik [ˈjɛ.ɾik] (N) yerik, hexapede (zool.) [Sexcruscervus caeruleus (blue six-legged deer); up to 1.5 meters long, 2 meters in height; one of the animals hunted by the Na'vi (ASG, p. 84–86)]. ► "If Neytiri hunted a hexapede (yerik), you would say Neytiril yerikit tolaron [= Neytiri hunted a hexapede]" (MSNBC).

yey [jεj] (Adj) straight.

yìm [jɪm] (Vtr) bind.

yol [jol] (Adj) short (time).

yom [jom] (Vtr) eat. ► "yom 'eat'" ([129] Dec 31); Oe new yivom teylut "I want to eat teylu" ([130] Jan 20).

yom·tìng [ˈjom.tɪŋ] (Vin + dative) feed. ► [ftxey] awpot [< ’awpot?] a Na’viru yomtìyìng "[choose] one, who will feed the People" (ASG, Hunt Song); "yomtìng, a compound: yom 'eat' + tìng 'give'", "the verb is thought of intransitively" ([131] Dec 31).

-yu [ju] (M) ending to turn a verb into the doer (agent); see also -tu. ► ([132]); taronyu [hunter].

yur [juɾ] (V) wash. ► oe yäpur "I wash myself" (Reflexives).

Z [z]

za’ärìp [za.ˈɁæ.ɾɪp] (Vtr) pull.

za’u [ˈza.Ɂu] (Vin) come. ► [ayoe] zera’u "We are coming" (ASG, Hunt Song); Nga za’u fìtseng pxìm srak? "Do you come here often?" (Lemondrop).

zam [zam] (Num) (octal:) 100 (= decimal: 64). ► (Numerals).

zamunge [za.ˈmu.ŋɛ] (Vtr) bring. ► fo a Uniltìrantokxit (…) zamolunge awngar "those, who have brought aus 'Avatar'" (AMFP); paye’un sweya fya’ot a zamivunge oel ayngar … "I will decide the best way to bring you …" (AMFP).

zazam [za.zam] (Num) (octal:) 10,000 (= decimal: 4096). ► (Numerals).

zawng [zawŋ] (Vin) scream.

zek [ˈzɛk.wæ] (N) finger. ► (Some Conjunctions and Adverbs).

zene [ˈzɛ.nɛ] (Vin + subjunctive) must. ► livu win sì txur oe zene "I must be fast and strong" (ASG, Hunt Song); zene oe ’awsiteng tìkangkem sivi fohu … "I must work together with those …" (AMFP); Oe zene kivä "I must go" (CwT). The negation of this verb means "it is not obligatory", as in nga ke zene kivä "you don't have to go" (Zenke); see also zenke.

zenke [ˈzɛŋ.kɛ] (Vin) must not. ► nga zenke kivä! "you must not go!" (Zenke). Note anomalous spelling. See also zene.

sìt [ˈzɪ.sɪt] (N) year. ► ayzìsìtä kato "the rhyhtm of the years" (ASG, Weaving Song); Mipa Zìsìt Lefpom Ngaru! [Happy New Year to You!] ([133] Dec 31).

zong [zoŋ] (V) save, defend.

zongtseng [ˈzoŋ.ʦɛŋ] (N) safe place, refuge.

zoplo [zop.ˈlo] (N) offense, insult.

zup [zup] (Vin) fall.

zusawkrr [zu.saw.kr̩ː] (N) future time, future; (Adv) in the future. ► aylari zusawkrr 'ayeyng "the others (I) will answer in the future" (Numerals).